OS COMBATENTES DA PAZ: OS COMUNISTAS BRASILEIROS E AS CAMPANHAS PACIFISTAS DOS ANOS 1950

Livro: RIBEIRO, Jayme Fernandes. Combatentes da Paz: os comunistas e as campanhas pacifistas dos anos 1950. Rio de Janeiro. 7 Letras/FAPERJ, 2011, 252

AMÉRICA LATINA – INTERPRETAÇÕES DA ORIGEM DO IMPERIALISMO NORTE-AMERICANO

O presente artigo aborda algumas interpretações presentes em livros utilizados nos cursos de graduação em História sobre o expansionismo ocorrido fora da América do Norte, praticado pelos Estados Unidos. Partindo dessas análises, assinalo que o aparecimento do Destino Manifesto, conjugado a necessidades econômicas, bem como com preocupações de ordem estratégica, apresentaram-se como o conjunto de fatores que colaboraram para que o imperialismo norte-americano fosse desencadeado ainda na década de 1840. Utilizando-me ainda de abordagens relativas às relações entre os EUA com Nicarágua e Cuba, presentes nessa bibliografia, procedo a algumas considerações sobre a validade da idéia de que o imperialismo norte-americano tenha se caracterizado por um redirecionamento na sua política interna e externa anteriores

Anticomunismo, Democracia e Geopolítica segundo Pinochet

This article intend to analyze one of the first works of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, entitled Ensayo sobre um estúdio preliminar de uma geopolítica de Chile en el año de 1965. Character who embodies the Chilean civil-military dictatorship itself, Pinochet was a professor of the Academy of War during the 1960s. This work, resulting from the compilation of notes drawn from his classes, already shows a series of considerations about the growing popular mobilization. Questioning the possibility of democracy as a political system that would enable the State the necessary tools to contain the “communist expansion”, Pinochet suggests that the concept of democracy should be modernized, the State should develop a policy to curb excesses from abroad and convoke the Chilean ruling class to create a retaining wall against the spread of communism. All proposals were made even during the government of Eduardo Frei, the time of writing his Ensayo.Key words: anti-communism, military regimes, Pinochet.Este artigo pretende analisar uma das primeiras obras de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, intitulada Ensayo sobre um estúdio preliminar de uma geopolítica de Chile en el año de 1965. Personagem que encarna a própria ditadura civil-militar chilena, Pinochet foi professor da Academia de Guerra ao longo dos anos 1960. Este trabalho, fruto da recopilação de anotações elaboradas a partir de suas aulas, apresenta já uma série de considerações acerca da crescente mobilização popular. Questionando a possibilidade de a democracia ser um regime político que possibilitasse ao Estado as ferramentas necessárias para conter a “expansão comunista”, Pinochet sugere que o conceito de democracia deveria ser “modernizado”, que o Estado deveria desenvolver uma política para conter os excessos vindos do exterior e convocava a classe dirigente chilena a criar um muro de contenção contra a expansão do comunismo, todas as propostas feitas ainda ao longo do governo de Eduardo Frei, momento da elaboração de seu Ensayo.Palavras-chave: anticomunismo, regimes militares, Pinochet

Anticomunismo, Democracia e Geopolítica segundo Pinochet

This article intend to analyze one of the first works of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, entitled Ensayo sobre um estúdio preliminar de uma geopolítica de Chile en el año de 1965. Character who embodies the Chilean civil-military dictatorship itself, Pinochet was a professor of the Academy of War during the 1960s. This work, resulting from the compilation of notes drawn from his classes, already shows a series of considerations about the growing popular mobilization. Questioning the possibility of democracy as a political system that would enable the State the necessary tools to contain the “communist expansion”, Pinochet suggests that the concept of democracy should be modernized, the State should develop a policy to curb excesses from abroad and convoke the Chilean ruling class to create a retaining wall against the spread of communism. All proposals were made even during the government of Eduardo Frei, the time of writing his Ensayo.Key words: anti-communism, military regimes, Pinochet.Este artigo pretende analisar uma das primeiras obras de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, intitulada Ensayo sobre um estúdio preliminar de uma geopolítica de Chile en el año de 1965. Personagem que encarna a própria ditadura civil-militar chilena, Pinochet foi professor da Academia de Guerra ao longo dos anos 1960. Este trabalho, fruto da recopilação de anotações elaboradas a partir de suas aulas, apresenta já uma série de considerações acerca da crescente mobilização popular. Questionando a possibilidade de a democracia ser um regime político que possibilitasse ao Estado as ferramentas necessárias para conter a “expansão comunista”, Pinochet sugere que o conceito de democracia deveria ser “modernizado”, que o Estado deveria desenvolver uma política para conter os excessos vindos do exterior e convocava a classe dirigente chilena a criar um muro de contenção contra a expansão do comunismo, todas as propostas feitas ainda ao longo do governo de Eduardo Frei, momento da elaboração de seu Ensayo.Palavras-chave: anticomunismo, regimes militares, Pinochet

Seleção tradicional e associada a marcadores moleculares na avaliação genética animal

The objective of this work was to compare selection based on breeding values predicted by classical best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), BLUP associated with molecular markers (BLUPM) and individual selection (IS) using data simulated with the Genesys program. To obtain the genetic similarity matrix to be used in BLUPM, a hundred microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats) were simulated using a similarity coefficient corresponding to the mean Euclidean distance between quantitative data. The different selection methods were compared using populations of an effective size of 66.66 and a mean of 30 repetitions, and mean phenotypic values were determined. Genetic gain obtained over 20 generations of selection was higher for BLUP than BLUPM, which in turn was superior to IS. Similar genetic gains were obtained for BLUPM and BLUP only when the gain for the first five generations was considered, and these gains were higher than those obtained with IS. Selected reproducers mating systems did not lead to differences in genetic gain for the BLUP-based methods.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a seleção, utilizando valores genéticos preditos pelo BLUP clássico (BLUP), BLUP marcadores (BLUPM) e pela seleção individual (SI), usando simulação com o programa Genesys. Para obter a matriz de similaridade genética utilizada no BLUPM, foram simulados cem marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélite (SSR – Simple Sequence Repeat), por meio de um coeficiente de similaridade correspondente à distância euclideana média para dados quantitativos. A fim de comparar os diferentes métodos, utilizaram-se populações com tamanho efetivo de 66,66 e média de 30 repetições, avaliando-se os valores fenotípicos médios. Os ganhos ao longo das 20 gerações de seleção foram maiores para o BLUP em relação ao BLUPM, e este foi superior à SI. Quanto ao ganho obtido nas cinco primeiras gerações, o BLUPM apresentou ganhos semelhantes ao BLUP e superiores à SI. Diferentes sistemas de acasalamento dos reprodutores selecionados não revelaram diferenças em ganho genético nos métodos baseados no BLUP

Traditional and associated selection with molecular markers in the genetic evaluation of animals

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a seleção, utilizando valores genéticos preditos pelo BLUP clássico (BLUP), BLUP marcadores (BLUPM) e pela seleção individual (SI), usando simulação com o programa Genesys. Para obter a matriz de similaridade genética utilizada no BLUPM, foram simulados cem marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélite (SSR – Simple Sequence Repeat), por meio de um coeficiente de similaridade correspondente à distância euclideana média para dados quantitativos. A fim de comparar os diferentes métodos, utilizaram-se populações com tamanho efetivo de 66,66 e média de 30 repetições, avaliando-se os valores fenotípicos médios. Os ganhos ao longo das 20 gerações de seleção foram maiores para o BLUP em relação ao BLUPM, e este foi superior à SI. Quanto ao ganho obtido nas cinco primeiras gerações, o BLUPM apresentou ganhos semelhantes ao BLUP e superiores à SI. Diferentes sistemas de acasalamento dos reprodutores selecionados não revelaram diferenças em ganho genético nos métodos baseados no BLUP.The objective of this work was to compare selection based on breeding values predicted by classical best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP), BLUP associated with molecular markers (BLUPM) and individual selection (IS) using data simulated with the Genesys program. To obtain the genetic similarity matrix to be used in BLUPM, a hundred microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats) were simulated using a similarity coefficient corresponding to the mean Euclidean distance between quantitative data. The different selection methods were compared using populations of an effective size of 66.66 and a mean of 30 repetitions, and mean phenotypic values were determined. Genetic gain obtained over 20 generations of selection was higher for BLUP than BLUPM, which in turn was superior to IS. Similar genetic gains were obtained for BLUPM and BLUP only when the gain for the first five generations was considered, and these gains were higher than those obtained with IS. Selected reproducers mating systems did not lead to differences in genetic gain for the BLUP-based methods

Erica: Prevalences Of Hypertension And Obesity In Brazilian Adolescents

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS: We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95% CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95% CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95% CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95% CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95% CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95% CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95% CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95% CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS: ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.501Brazilian Department of Science and Technology at the Secretariat of Science and TechnologyStrategic Inputs of the Ministry of Health (Departamento de Ciencia e Tecnologia da Secretaria de Ciencia e Tecnologia e Insumos Estrategicos do Ministerio da Saude - Decit/SCTIE/MS)Health Fund Sector (Fundo Setorial de Saude - CT-health) at the Ministry of science, Technology and Innovation (Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao - MCTI)FINEP [01090421]CNPq [2010/565037-2]hospital research incentive fund for Clinics in Porto Alegre (fundo de incentivo a Pesquisa do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA) [405,009/FIPE-2012-7]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Erica: Prevalence Of Metabolic Syndrome In Brazilian Adolescents

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS: Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95% CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95% CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95% CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.501Department of Science and Technology of the Secretariat of Science, Technology and Strategic Inputs of the Ministry of Health (Decit/SCTIE/MS)Health Sectorial Fund (Fundo Setorial de Saude - CT-Saude) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI)FINEP [01090421]CNPq [2010/565037-2]Research Incentive Fund of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - (Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - FIPE-HCPA) [405.009/2012-7]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Microcephaly epidemic related to the Zika virus and living conditions in Recife, Northeast Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Starting in August 2015, there was an increase in the number of cases of neonatal microcephaly in Northeast Brazil. These findings were identified as being an epidemic of microcephaly related to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. The present study aims to analyse the spatial distribution of microcephaly cases in Recife (2015-2016), which is in Northeast Brazil, and its association with the living conditions in this city. METHODS: This was an ecological study that used data from reported cases of microcephaly from the State Health Department of Pernambuco (August 2015 to July 2016). The basic spatial unit of analysis was the 94 districts of Recife. The case definition of microcephaly was: neonates with a head circumference of less than the cut-off point of -2 standard deviations below the mean value from the established Fenton growth curve. As an indicator of the living conditions of the 94 districts, the percentage of heads of households with an income of less than twice the minimum wage was calculated. The districts were classified into four homogeneous strata using the K-means clustering algorithm. We plotted the locations of each microcephaly case over a layer of living conditions. RESULTS: During the study period, 347 microcephaly cases were reported, of which 142 (40.9%) fulfilled the definition of a microcephaly case. Stratification of the 94 districts resulted in the identification of four strata. The highest stratum in relation to the living conditions presented the lowest prevalence rate of microcephaly, and the overall difference between this rate and the rates of the other strata was statistically significant. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test demonstrated that there was a strong association between a higher prevalence of microcephaly and poor living conditions. After the first 6 months of the study period, there were no microcephaly cases recorded within the population living in the richest socio-economic strata. CONCLUSION: This study showed that those residing in areas with precarious living conditions had a higher prevalence of microcephaly compared with populations with better living conditions