Origin of the high energy proton component below the geomagnetic cutoff in near earth orbit

The high flux proton component observed by AMS below the geomagnetic cutoff can be well accounted for by assuming these particles to be secondaries originating from the interaction of Cosmic Ray protons with the atmosphere. Simulation results are reporte

Feasibility study to characterize the production of antineutrons in high energy pppp collisions through charge exchange interactions

Simulations to evaluate the feasibility of $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic characterization via the hadronic charge exchange (CEX) interaction $n+\bar{n}\rightarrow p+\bar{p}$ are reported. The target neutrons are those composing the silicon nuclei of which inner tracking devices present in LHC experiments are made. Simulations of $pp$ collisions in PYTHIA were carried out at different energies to investigate $\bar{n}$ production and the expected $\bar{n}$ energy spectra. Then, two types of GEANT4 simulations were performed, placing an $\bar{n}$ point source at the ALICE primary vertex as a working example. In the first simulation, the $E_k$ was kept at an arbitrary (1 GeV) fix value to develop an $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematics reconstruction protocol. The second GEANT4 simulation used the resulting PYTHIA at $\sqrt{s_{pp}}=13$ TeV $\bar{n}$ energy spectra. In both simulations, the occurrence of CEX interactions was identified by the unique outgoing $\bar{p}$. The simplified simulation allowed to estimate a 0.11% CEX-interaction identification efficiency at $E_k = 1$ GeV. The $p$ CEX-partner identification is challenging because of the presence of silicon nucleus-fragmentation protons. Momentum correlations between the $\bar{n}$ and all possible $\bar{p}p$ pairs showed that $p$ CEX-partner identification and $\bar{n}$ kinematics reconstruction corresponds to minimal momentum-loss events. The use of ITS $dE/dx$ information is found to improve $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic characterization in both simulations. The final protocol applied to the realistic simulation resulted in a $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic reconstruction efficiency of 0.006%, based solely on $\bar{p}p$ pair observable. Thus, the expected rate of identified and kinematically reconstructed $\bar{n}$ should lie in the order of 100,000 per second, illustrating the feasibility of the method.Comment: 6 pages, 11 figure

The use of cosmic muons in detecting heterogeneities in large volumes

The muon intensity attenuation method to detect heterogeneities in large matter volumes is analyzed. Approximate analytical expressions to estimate the collection time and the signal to noise ratio, are proposed and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. Important parameters, including point spread function and coordinate reconstruction uncertainty are also estimated using Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 8 pages, 11 figures, submetted to NIM

Proton and Helium Spectra from the CREAM-III Flight

Primary cosmic-ray elemental spectra have been measured with the balloon-borne Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass (CREAM) experiment since 2004. The third CREAM payload (CREAM-III) flew for 29 days during the 2007-2008 Antarctic season. Energies of incident particles above 1 TeV are measured with a calorimeter. Individual elements are clearly separated with a charge resolution of ~0.12 e (in charge units) and ~0.14 e for protons and helium nuclei, respectively, using two layers of silicon charge detectors. The measured proton and helium energy spectra at the top of the atmosphere are harder than other existing measurements at a few tens of GeV. The relative abundance of protons to helium nuclei is 9.53+-0.03 for the range of 1 TeV/n to 63 TeV/n. The ratio is considerably smaller than other measurements at a few tens of GeV/n. The spectra become softer above ~20 TeV. However, our statistical uncertainties are large at these energies and more data are needed

Polyelectrolyte Multilayering on a Charged Planar Surface

The adsorption of highly \textit{oppositely} charged flexible polyelectrolytes (PEs) on a charged planar substrate is investigated by means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. We study in detail the equilibrium structure of the first few PE layers. The influence of the chain length and of a (extra) non-electrostatic short range attraction between the polycations and the negatively charged substrate is considered. We show that the stability as well as the microstructure of the PE layers are especially sensitive to the strength of this latter interaction. Qualitative agreement is reached with some recent experiments.Comment: 28 pages; 11 (main) Figs - Revtex4 - Higher resolution Figs can be obtained upon request. To appear in Macromolecule

Synthesis and Characterization of Reduced Graphene Oxide/ Polyaniline/Au Nanoparticles Hybrid Material for Energy Applications

In this work, synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline/Au nanoparticles (GO/PANI/NpAu) as a hybrid capacitor are presented. Graphite oxide (GO) was synthesized by a modified Hummer’s method. Polyaniline was synthesized by chemical polymerization, and Au nanoparticles (NpAu) were added afterward. Fabrication of the electrodes consisted on the hybrid materials being deposited on carbon cloth electrodes. The chemical and structural properties of the electrode were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (X-R), and Raman spectroscopy; the results confirm the graphene reduction, the covalent functionalization, and formation of nanocomposites and also show the polyaniline grafted graphene. The performance and evaluation of the electrodes based on grapheme oxide (GO), polyaniline (PANI), GO-PANI, and GO/PANI/NpAu nanocomposites over carbon cloth, stainless steel, and copper have been obtained in 1 M H2SO4 solution, using electrochemical techniques namely: cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). They showed that GO/PANI/NpAu gave higher specific capacitance (SC) and energy values than PANI, and GO/PANI, in the order of 160 F/g. The present study introduces new hybrid material for energy applications, from the evaluation of their electrical contributions

Waste and Recycled Materials and their Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Construction Composite Materials

In a world increasingly fixated on the demands of sustainable development, too much attention has been focused on the widely used building materials, mainly on those tools and strategies for their reuse and those characteristics for considering them as environmental-friendly materials. Among the strategies are the following: (a) increased reliability on waste and recycled materials—such action will have to incorporate the substitution of recycled for virgin materials; (b) improved durability through reduction of materials needed for their replacement; and (c) improved mechanical properties, which reduces the use of raw materials. Extensive research and development activities in recycling composite materials have been conducted, and various technologies have been developed: (a) mechanical recycling, (b) thermal recycling, and (c) chemical recycling. However, gamma radiation is an innovative and clean technology, alternative to conventional recycling procedures. Gamma irradiation has proved to be an adequate tool for modifications of the physicochemical properties of polymers, through different effects: (a) scission, branching as well as cross-linking of polymer chains and (b) oxidative degradation. Moreover, the reuse and recycling of waste materials and the use of gamma radiation are useful tools for improving the mechanical properties of concrete. In this chapter, we show results of the effects of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of waste and recycled materials and their reuse to enhance the properties of construction composite materials

Tracing the Evolution of Temperature in Near Fermi Energy Heavy Ion Collisions

The kinetic energy variation of emitted light clusters has been employed as a clock to explore the time evolution of the temperature for thermalizing composite systems produced in the reactions of 26A, 35A and 47A MeV $^{64}$Zn with $^{58}$Ni, $^{92}$Mo and $^{197}$Au. For each system investigated, the double isotope ratio temperature curve exhibits a high maximum apparent temperature, in the range of 10-25 MeV, at high ejectile velocity. These maximum values increase with increasing projectile energy and decrease with increasing target mass. The time at which the maximum in the temperature curve is reached ranges from 80 to 130 fm/c after contact. For each different target, the subsequent cooling curves for all three projectile energies are quite similar. Temperatures comparable to those of limiting temperature systematics are reached 30 to 40 fm/c after the times corresponding to the maxima, at a time when AMD-V transport model calculations predict entry into the final evaporative or fragmentation stage of de-excitation of the hot composite systems. Evidence for the establishment of thermal and chemical equilibrium is discussed.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure