Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in 7-Year-Old Children in Porto Metropolitan Area

Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with significant changes in dental structures. In children, it can induce enamel and dentin defects, which have been identified as risk factors for caries. This study aimed to assess the association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels ( 0), and advanced caries (d3–6mft/D3–6MF > 0). Serum 25(OH) D was measured using a competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay protein-binding assay. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used. Advanced caries in permanent teeth was significantly associated with children’s vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL, gastrointestinal disorders, higher daily intake of cariogenic food, and having had a dental appointment at ≤7 years old. Optimal childhood levels of vitamin D may be considered an additional preventive measure for dental caries in the permanent dentition.Generation XXI was funded by Programa Operacional de Saúde (Regional Department of Ministry of Health). It has support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Ana Cristina Santos holds a FCT Investigator contract info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/Investigador FCT/IF/01060/2015/CP1319/CT0001/PT. The authors received no specific funding for this work

Pediatria do Neurodesenvolvimento. Levantamento Nacional de Recursos e Necessidades

As perturbações do neurodesenvolvimento são das patologias crónicas mais frequentes da infância e com tendência a aumentar nas sociedades modernas. Têm na grande maioria dos casos um percurso crónico e com limitação da aprendizagem necessária para a integração na sociedade de um modo autónomo. A Sociedade de Pediatria do Neurodesenvolvimento da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pediatria procedeu em 2008 e 2009 ao levantamento de recursos, movimento e necessidades na área assistencial do neurodesenvolvimento no universo de 49 hospitais portugueses com Pediatria, referente a 31 de Dezembro de 2007. Responderam 42 (85.7%) hospitais. O número total de consultas de desenvolvimento representou 10.7% das de Pediatria, e foi- -lhe imputada uma mediana de tempo de 20 horas por semana. Dedicavam-se ao desenvolvimento 82 pediatras, mas mais de dois terços só o fazia a tempo parcial. Outros profissionais (fisiatras, psicólogos, terapeutas da fala, terapeutas ocupacionais, fisioterapeutas, docentes e técnicos de Serviço Social) faziam parte das equipas do desenvolvimento, mas em menor número que os pediatras, e de igual modo só raramente a tempo completo. Aguardava por consulta de desenvolvimento uma mediana de 185 crianças, e o tempo de espera variou entre um e 18 meses(mediana de seis). No seu conjunto os hospitais a curto prazo recrutariam 34 Pediatras para se dedicarem à área do neurodesenvolvimento,metade em regime de tempo completo. Dos outros profissionais requisitados [psicólogos (21), terapeutas da fala (20), docentes (20), terapeutas ocupacionais (14), fisioterapeutas (8) e técnicos do Serviço Social (6)], solicitavam-nos a tempo inteiro. Concluí-se que o movimento assistencial específico desta área no contexto global da Pediatria representa já um número significativo de consultas. Ainda assim, a resposta na área do neurodesenvolvimento revelou-se insuficiente e as equipas não funcionavam na generalidade em trabalho multidisciplinar. Contudo, os pedidos solicitados de recursos humanos médicos e não médicos e a preferência de que a dedicação ao neurodesenvolvimento fosse a tempo completo reflecte uma evolução positiva a curto prazo, caso estes recrutamentos se venham a concretizar

Identification and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from the

The main cause of infertility in mares is endometritis, characterized by acute or chronic inflammation of the endometrium. One of the main causes of the occurrence of inflammation in the endometrium is the response to bacterial infection. When the infection overcomes the defense capacity of the host it leads to the development of bacterial endometritis, often caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, an opportunistic pathogen. The present study aimed to evaluate the presence of bacteria in the uterus of mares before insemination. For this purpose, uterine washings were performed with sterile saline solution. Samples were centrifuged at 8000 g for 10min at 4oC, and the pellet was streaked onto Blood Agar and MacConkey plates. The obtained isolates were identified using biochemical (VITEK 2 Compac and API, Biomerieux) and molecular identification methodologies (16S rRNA gene sequencing). Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) were performed with VITEK 2 Compac, for fast growing bacteria and disc diffusion method, for fastidious bacteria. A total of 62 uterine washings were analyzed. A positive culture was obtained in 66% of the specimens, resulting in 57 isolates, with 57% of Gram-positive bacteria isolated. Regarding prevalence, the most frequently isolated genera were Streptococcus (33%), Escherichia (25%) and Staphylococcus (18%), while the most frequent species was Escherichia coli, followed by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Most Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to the following three antimicrobials, namely tetracycline, ceftiofur, and enrofloxacin. Regarding Gram-negative bacteria, over 90% of the isolates were sensitive to ceftiofur and gentamycin, while over 60% of the isolates were sensitive to enrofloxacin

Trinucleotide repeats in 202 families with ataxia: a small expanded (CAG)n allele at the SCA17 locus

BACKGROUND: Ten neurodegenerative disorders characterized by spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are known to be caused by trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions. However, in some instances the molecular diagnosis is considered indeterminate because of the overlap between normal and affected allele ranges. In addition, the mechanism that generates expanded alleles is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical and molecular characteristics of a large group of Portuguese and Brazilian families with ataxia to improve knowledge of the molecular diagnosis of SCA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have (1) assessed repeat sizes at all known TNR loci implicated in SCA; (2) determined frequency distributions of normal alleles and expansions; and (3) looked at genotype-phenotype correlations in 202 unrelated Portuguese and Brazilian patients with SCA. Molecular analysis of TNR expansions was performed using polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS: Patients from 110 unrelated families with SCA showed TNR expansions at 1 of the loci studied. Dominantly transmitted cases had (CAG)(n) expansions at the Machado-Joseph disease gene (MJD1) (63%), at SCA2 (3%), the gene for dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) (2%), SCA6 (1%), or SCA7 (1%) loci, or (CTG)(n) expansions at the SCA8 (2%) gene, whereas (GAA)(n) expansions in the Freidreich ataxia gene (FRDA) were found in 64% of families with recessive ataxia. Isolated patients also had TNR expansions at the MJD1 (6%), SCA8 (6%), or FRDA (8%) genes; in addition, an expanded allele at the TATA-binding protein gene (TBP), with 43 CAGs, was present in a patient with ataxia and mental deterioration. Associations between frequencies of SCA2 and SCA6 and a frequency of large normal alleles were found in Portuguese and Brazilian individuals, respectively. Interestingly, no association between the frequencies of DRPLA and large normal alleles was found in the Portuguese group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that (1) a significant number of isolated cases of ataxia are due to TNR expansions; (2) expanded DRPLA alleles in Portuguese families may have evolved from an ancestral haplotype; and (3) small (CAG)(n) expansions at the TBP gene may cause SCA17

Reference genes for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction expression studies in wild and cultivated peanut

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Wild peanut species (<it>Arachis </it>spp.) are a rich source of new alleles for peanut improvement. Plant transcriptome analysis under specific experimental conditions helps the understanding of cellular processes related, for instance, to development, stress response, and crop yield. The validation of these studies has been generally accomplished by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) which requires normalization of mRNA levels among samples. This can be achieved by comparing the expression ratio between a gene of interest and a reference gene which is constitutively expressed. Nowadays there is a lack of appropriate reference genes for both wild and cultivated <it>Arachis</it>. The identification of such genes would allow a consistent analysis of qRT-PCR data and speed up candidate gene validation in peanut.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A set of ten reference genes were analyzed in four <it>Arachis </it>species (<it>A. magna</it>; <it>A. duranensis</it>; <it>A. stenosperma </it>and <it>A. hypogaea</it>) subjected to biotic (root-knot nematode and leaf spot fungus) and abiotic (drought) stresses, in two distinct plant organs (roots and leaves). By the use of three programs (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) and taking into account the entire dataset, five of these ten genes, <it>ACT1 </it>(actin depolymerizing factor-like protein), <it>UBI1 </it>(polyubiquitin), <it>GAPDH </it>(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), <it>60S </it>(60S ribosomal protein L10) and <it>UBI2 </it>(ubiquitin/ribosomal protein S27a) emerged as top reference genes, with their stability varying in eight subsets. The former three genes were the most stable across all species, organs and treatments studied.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This first in-depth study of reference genes validation in wild <it>Arachis </it>species will allow the use of specific combinations of secure and stable reference genes in qRT-PCR assays. The use of these appropriate references characterized here should improve the accuracy and reliability of gene expression analysis in both wild and cultivated Arachis and contribute for the better understanding of gene expression in, for instance, stress tolerance/resistance mechanisms in plants.</p

Digital subtraction radiographic analysis of the combination of bioabsorbable membrane and bovine morphogenetic protein pool in human periodontal infrabony defects

Objectives: This study assessed the bone density gain and its relationship with the periodontal clinical parameters in a case series of a regenerative therapy procedure. Material and Methods: Using a split-mouth study design, 10 pairs of infrabony defects from 15 patients were treated with a pool of bovine bone morphogenetic proteins associated with collagen membrane (test sites) or collagen membrane only (control sites). The periodontal healing was clinically and radiographically monitored for six months. Standardized presurgical and 6-month postoperative radiographs were digitized for digital subtraction analysis, which showed relative bone density gain in both groups of 0.034 ± 0.423 and 0.105 ± 0.423 in the test and control group, respectively (p>0.05). Results: As regards the area size of bone density change, the influence of the therapy was detected in 2.5 mm2 in the test group and 2 mm2 in the control group (p>0.05). Additionally, no correlation was observed between the favorable clinical results and the bone density gain measured by digital subtraction radiography (p>0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the clinical benefit of the regenerative therapy observed did not come with significant bone density gains. Long-term evaluation may lead to a different conclusions