Effects of work ability and health promoting interventions for women with musculoskeletal symptoms: A 9-month prospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Women working in the public human service sector in 'overstrained' situations run the risk of musculoskeletal symptoms and long-term sick leave. In order to maintain the level of health and work ability and strengthen the potential resources for health, it is important that employees gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health – a process associated with the concept of self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of a self-efficacy intervention and an ergonomic education intervention for women with musculoskeletal symptoms, employed in the public sector.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The design of the study was a 9-month prospective study describing the effects of two interventions, a comprehensive self-efficacy intervention (<it>n </it>= 21) and an ergonomic education intervention (<it>n </it>= 21). Data were obtained by a self-report questionnaire on health- and work ability-related factors at baseline, and at ten weeks and nine months follow-up. Within-group differences over time were analysed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Over the time period studied there were small magnitudes of improvements within each group. Within the self-efficacy intervention group positive effects in perceived work ability were shown. The ergonomic education group showed increased positive beliefs about future work ability and a more frequent use of pain coping strategies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Both interventions showed positive effects on women with musculoskeletal symptoms, but in different ways. Future research in this area should tailor interventions to participants' motivation and readiness to change.</p

Childhood socioeconomic position and adult leisure-time physical activity: A systematic review

Regular leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) benefits health and is thought to be less prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups. Evidence suggests that childhood socioeconomic circumstances can impact on adult health and behaviour however, it is unclear if this includes an influence on adult LTPA. This review tested the hypothesis that a lower childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is associated with less frequent LTPA during adulthood. Studies were located through a systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus and by searching reference lists. Eligible studies were English-language publications testing the association between any indicator of childhood SEP and an LTPA outcome measured during adulthood. Forty-five papers from 36 studies, most of which were European, were included. In most samples, childhood SEP and LTPA were self-reported in midlife. Twenty-two studies found evidence to support the review’s hypothesis and thirteen studies found no association. Accounting for own adult SEP partly attenuated associations. There was more evidence of an association in British compared with Scandinavian cohorts and in women compared with men. Results did not vary by childhood SEP indicator or age at assessment of LTPA. This review found evidence of an association between less advantaged childhood SEP and less frequent LTPA during adulthood. Understanding how associations vary by gender and place could provide insights into underlying pathways

Accumulation of Nuclear p53 and Tumor Progression in Bladder Cancer

Mutations of the p53 gene are the most common genetic defect in human tumors1. The p53 gene functions as a tumor-suppressor gene and more specifically as a cell-cycle regulator2. Levels of p53 protein increase in response to damage to DNA, arresting the cell cycle and allowing time for the repair of DNA.Mutations of the p53 gene occur in a high percentage of invasive transitional-cell carcinomas of the bladder3and appear to be an early event in the formation of carcinoma in situ4. They are much less frequent in noninvasive papillary tumors5,6. Mutations of the . . 

Grazer-induced responses in marine phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are the most important primary producers in the world’s oceans, yet little is known of how they avoid the constant threats from the pelagic grazers. From land it is well known that plants defend themselves by having thorns or producing compounds unpalatable to grazers. This thesis shows how different species of phytoplankton cope with different threats from pelagic grazers. In paper I the focus was on the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, a producer of the highly potent neurotoxins paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). These toxins can cause mass mortalities in marine mammals and can be deadly to humans, who ingest the toxins via filter feeders that accumulate the toxins from algae in their diet. The suggested purpose of these toxins is to act as a defence against zooplankton grazers, like copepods. It has been shown that A. minutum is able to sense water borne cues from the copepods and respond by an increase in PST production. The results of paper I show that not only is A. minutum able to sense copepods, it can also recognize different species and respond by either increasing PST production or not. Cues from one of the copepod species tested, Centropages typicus, resulted in a more than 20 fold increase in PST, whereas another copepod, Pseudocalanus sp., did not have any effect on the PST content. It seems likely that A. minutum can recognize copepods that have the same distribution area as itself, these species would be the most significant grazers on A. minutum and a defence against them would benefit the alga. This strengthens the suggested role of PST as a grazer deterrent. Another group of substances that have been suggested to act as defence against grazers are the polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) produced by some phytoplankton, among others, diatoms. The role of PUA has been debated and various effects have been shown for a number of organisms. PUA has been shown to have negative effect on the reproduction of copepods, but results are contradictory. In paper II we investigate another possible defencive effect of PUA, as a structuring agent on the microbial community of bacteria and viruses. Bacteria can infect diatoms or compete for nutrients, and viral infections can terminate phytoplankton blooms. Compounds that affect these organisms can be of great benefit for the producing organism. The results in paper II show that PUA have no effect on either bacteria or viruses, and further questions the role of these compounds. Perhaps the most interesting findings in this thesis are the ones presented in paper III and IV, where diatoms are shown to use chain length plasticity as a defence against copepods. Previously, different factors such as nutrient uptake and flotation has been suggested to be the driving force behind chain formation, but chain formation as a defence has been suggested before. Here I present further support for this. The diatoms responded to cues from copepods by reducing their chain length, and thereby size, with reduced grazing as a result. Reducing chains to single cells would make the diatom Skeletonema marinoi to small for copepods to handle, while larger species like Thalassiosira rotula would still be large enough to be caught. But by reducing chain length the diatoms also reduce the encounter rate with grazers, and thus larger species like T. rotula can escape grazing. Lower grazing rates were also observed on single cells than longer chains. All diatoms did not respond to grazer cues in the same way, Chaetoceros affinis did not reduce chain length when subjected to copepods. C. affinis has long spines that may act a as a defence which could be the reason why it does not reduce its size. I suggest that chain length plasticity may be an evolutionarily adopted trait in chain forming diatoms and that size-selective predation may have played a key role in the evolution of chain formation and chain length plasticity in diatoms