Multiple Species And Deep Genomic Divergences Despite Little Phenotypic Differentiation In An Ancient Neotropical Songbird, Tunchiornis Ochraceiceps (Sclater, 1860) (Aves: Vireonidae)

Several bird taxa have been recently described or elevated to full species and almost twice as many bird species than are currently recognized may exist. Defining species is one of the most basic and important issues in biological science because unknown or poorly defined species hamper subsequent studies. Here, we evaluate the species limits and evolutionary history of Tunchiornis ochraceiceps-a widespread forest songbird that occurs in the lowlands of Central America, Choco and Amazonia-using an integrative approach that includes plumage coloration, morphometrics, vocalization and genomic data. The species has a relatively old crown age (similar to 9 Ma) and comprises several lineages with little, if any, evidence of gene flow among them. We propose a taxonomic arrangement composed of four species, three with a plumage coloration diagnosis and one deeply divergent cryptic species. Most of the remaining lineages have variable but unfixed phenotypic characters despite their relatively old origin. This decoupling of genomic and phenotypic differentiation reveals a remarkable case of phenotypic conservatism, possibly due to strict habitat association. Lineages are geographically delimited by the main Amazonian rivers and the Andes, a pattern observed in studies of other understory upland forest Neotropical birds, although phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among populations are idiosyncratic

Imagem corporal e doenças do comportamento alimentar

As Doenças do Comportamento Alimentar (DCA) devem ser entendidas numa perspectiva multidimensional, valorizando-se o contexto biopsicossocial. Nestas patologias é o corpo, em primeira instância, que revela a doença, sendo desta forma o alvo de expressão do conflito. Apresenta uma vivência perturbada e uma fraca estruturação da Imagem Corporal. Esta entende-se como a construção subjectiva que o indivíduo formula na sua mente, acerca do seu corpo, em interacção com os diferentes contextos de vida. Os estudos neste âmbito visam, por este motivo, a compreensão do grau do distúrbio da Imagem Corporal nas DCA, tendo vindo a concluir que na generalidade dos casos não existem alterações na capacidade perceptiva destes doentes. Desta forma é necessário desenvolver estudos qualitativos, re forçando a análise dos factores subjectivos e afectivos. As autoras propõem-se com esta revisão bibliográfica, realizar um levantamento de instrumentos de avaliação para as DCA (especificamente para a Anorexia Nervosa e Bulimia Nervosa) e Imagem Corporal, de modo a que seja possível a sua adaptação e implementação na população Portuguesa

Social Preferences and the Efficiency of Bilateral Exchange

Under what conditions do social preferences, such as altruism or a concern for fair outcomes, generate efficient trade? I analyze theoretically a simple bilateral exchange game: Each player sequentially takes an action that reduces his own material payoff but increases the other player’s. Each player’s preferences may depend on both his/her own material payoff and the other player’s. I identify necessary conditions and sufficient conditions on the players’ preferences for the outcome of their interaction to be Pareto efficient. The results have implications for interpreting the rotten kid theorem, gift exchange in the laboratory, and gift exchange in the field

Sistemas mistos de espécies florestais nativas com eucalipto em propriedades rurais familiares na região Noroeste do estado do Paraná.

A regeneração natural e o crescimento de espécies florestais nativas sob plantações de eucalipto têm sido relatadas em vários artigos científicos. Com manejo adequado, estes sistemas possibilitam vários serviços ambientais, como conservação e restauração da diversidade biológica e captura de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). Com base em um modelo formatado como um projeto de mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) florestal, produtores rurais familiares implantaram plantios mistos, com faixas de eucalipto e de espécies nativas, em áreas de pastagem degradada, em seis municípios na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Os plantios integram o projeto “Implantação e manejo de florestas em pequenas propriedades no estado do Paraná”, coordenado pelo Programa Paraná Biodiversidade, da Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos (SEMA), envolvendo Emater, Embrapa Florestas, IAP, SEPL e SEAB. Os sistemas visaram à recomposição da vegetação em áreas de reserva legal (RL), utilizando o eucalipto como uma espécie facilitadora e com madeira propícia a acréscimos à renda dos produtores. No presente trabalho são apresentados detalhes do projeto e resultados da produção de madeira de eucalipto, carbono sequestrado e crescimento das espécies nativas. O crescimento e produção dos eucaliptos foram avaliados em seis plantios, sendo que em dois deles foram avaliadas as nativas. A regeneração natural das espécies nativas apresentou, nestes dois plantios, 15 espécies com bom crescimento, o que deve garantir a sobrevivência das mesmas nos períodos de seca comuns na região. Os resultados indicaram que a produtividade dos eucaliptos pode ser considerada satisfatória e tem potencial para aumentar e melhorar significativamente a renda das áreas convertidas. Concluiu-se que este modelo inovador é plenamente viável, pois concilia conservação ambiental, conservação genética de espécies ameaçadas ou em risco de extinção, garantindo a sobrevivência de populações locais dessas espécies; produção econômica e inclusão social, pois gera renda com a produção florestal e venda de carbono.Capítulo 24

Gift Exchange and the Separation of Ownership and Control

Numerous gift exchange experiments have found a positive relationship between employers' wage offers and workers' effort levels. In (almost) all these experiments the employer both owns and controls the firm. Yet in reality many firms are characterized by the separation of ownership and control. In this paper we explore to what extent this affects the wage-effort relationship observed. We compare the standard bilateral gift exchange game between an owner-manager and a worker with two trilateral ones where the firm is owned by a shareholder and controlled by a manager. The wage-effort relationship we observe is the same in all three situations. Most strikingly, workers still reward higher wages with higher effort levels, even when the manager responsible for choosing the wage does not share in the firm's profits at all. The results of a fourth treatment in which the wage is exogenously given suggest that workers feel reciprocal towards the firm as a whole; both ownership and control are important for the gift exchange relationship

Implantação e manejo de florestas em pequenas propriedades no Estado do Paraná: um modelo para a conservação ambiental, com inclusão social e viabilidade econômica.

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Anti-Staphy peptides rationally designed from Cry10Aa bacterial protein.

Bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health, constituting a major challenge for healthcare systems. Antibiotic resistance is particularly concerning in the context of treating staphylococcal infections. In addressing this challenge, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), characterized by their hydrophobic and cationic properties, unique mechanism of action, and remarkable bactericidal and immunomodulatory capabilities, emerge as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for tackling bacterial multidrug resistance. This study focuses on the Cry10Aa protein as a template for generating AMPs due to its membrane-penetrating ability. Leveraging the Joker algorithm, six peptide variants were derived from α-helix 3 of Cry10Aa, known for its interaction with lipid bilayers. In vitro, antimicrobial assays determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) required for inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baummanii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus facallis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Time-kill kinetics were performed using the parental peptide AMPCry10Aa, as well as AMPCry10Aa_1 and AMPCry10Aa_5, against E. coli ATCC, S. aureus 111 and S. aureus ATCC strains showing that AMPCry10Aa_1 and AMPCry10Aa_5 peptides can completely reduce the initial bacterial load with less than 2 h of incubation. AMPCry10Aa_1 and AMPCry 10Aa_5 present stability in human serum and activity maintenance up to 37 °C. Cytotoxicity assays, conducted using the MTT method, revealed that all of the tested peptides exhibited cell viability >50% (IC50). The study also encompassed evaluations of the structure and physical-chemical properties. The three-dimensional structures of AMPCry10Aa and AMPCry10Aa_5 were determined through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, indicating the adoption of α-helical segments. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy elucidated the mechanism of action, demonstrating that AMPCry10Aa_5 enters the outer membranes of E. coli and S. aureus, causing substantial increases in lipid fluidity, while AMPCry10Aa slightly increases lipid fluidity in E. coli. In conclusion, the results obtained underscore the potential of Cry10Aa as a source for developing antimicrobial peptides as alternatives to conventional antibiotics, offering a promising avenue in the battle against antibiotic resistance

Nursing workload in specialized Semi-intensive Therapy unit: workforce size criteria

Abstract OBJECTIVE To assess the nursing workload (NW) in Semi-intensive Therapy Unit, specialized in the care of children with Craniofacial anomalies and associated syndromes; to compare the amount of workforce required according to the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) and the COFEN Resolution 293/04. METHOD Cross-sectional study, whose sample was composed of 72 patients. Nursing workload was assessed through retrospective application of the NAS. RESULTS the NAS mean was 49.5%. Nursing workload for the last day of hospitalization was lower in patients being discharged to home (p<0.001) and higher on the first compared to last day of hospitalization (p< 0.001). The number of professionals required according to NAS was superior to the COFEN Resolution 293/04, being 17 and 14, respectively. CONCLUSION the nursing workload corresponded to approximately 50% of the working time of nursing professional and was influenced by day and outcome of hospitalization. The amount of professionals was greater than that determined by the existing legislation