Shunt active filter for power quality improvement

This paper describes the development of a low cost shunt active power filter with digital control, which allows dynamic power factor correction and both harmonics and zero-sequence current compensation. The active filter controller is based on the instantaneous power theory (p-q theory) and was implemented using a standard 16 bits microcontroller. The p-q theory is introduced followed by the presentation of some active power filters topologies. Then a brief description of the implemented solution is made, including references to software tools used for simulation and system development. Experimental results are also presented, showing the good performance of the developed active filter

Filtro ativo paralelo com controle digital de baixo custo

Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de um filtro ativo paralelo de baixo custo utilizado para a melhoria da qualidade de energia elétrica. O filtro permite a correção dinâmica do fator de potência e a compensação dinâmica dos harmônicos e da componente de sequência zero de corrente. O sistema de controle do filtro ativo é baseado na teoria p-q (teoria da potência instantânea), e foi implementado com um microcontrolador standard de 16 bits. Neste artigo a teoria p-q é apresentada de forma sucinta, o filtro ativo paralelo desenvolvido é descrito e são apresentados alguns resultados experimentais

Hematološki profil farmski uzgajanog Sorubim lima: referentne vrijednosti, stanična morfologija i citokemija.

Hematology implies rapid and practical analysis to assist the diagnosis of fish homeostatic imbalance. This study determined the blood reference intervals in an important native South American catfish farmed in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland, Sorubim lima (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae), and describes the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of the cells. A total of 92 fish reared in a fish farm were examined for reference intervals 25 - 75% of total plasmatic protein, hemoglobin, red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and total thrombocyte and leukocyte count (WBC). Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) with salivary amylase, bromophenol blue, Sudan black B and toluidine blue (metacromasy) were the cytochemical stains employed to signal glycogen, proteins, lipids and nuclei in thrombocytes and leucocytes. In the blood smears, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, PAS - positive granular lymphocytes (LG-PAS) and thrombocytes were observed. Siluriforme similar results were observed in neutrophils and eosinophils morphology. Compared to other pimelodidae RBC, hematocrit and MCV showed the lowest index variation. In contrast to other siluriformes fish, S. lima showed the concomitant presence of circulating eosinophils and basophils.Hematologija podrazumijeva brze i praktične analize koje pomažu dijagnostici poremećene homeostatske ravnoteže u riba. Ovim istraživanjem utvrđeni su referentne vrijednosti morfoloških i citokemijskih obilježja krvnih stanica južnoameričkog soma Sorubim lima (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae), uzgajanog u močvarnim područjima Brazila. Kod ukupno 92 farmski uzgojene ribe istraženi su referentne vrijednosti za ukupne bjelačevine plazme, hemoglobin, broj eritrocita, hematokrit, srednji volumen eritrocita, prosječnu koncentraciju hemoglobina te ukupni broj trombocita i leukocita. Za citokemijsko određivanje glikogena, bjelančevina, masti te jezgri u trombocitima i leukocitima upotrijebljen je Schiffov perjodni reagens (PAS) s amilazom sline, bromfenolnim plavilom, sudanskim crnilom B i toluidinskim plavilom (metakromatska zrnca). U krvnim razmascima utvrđeni su monociti, limfociti, neutrofili, bazofili, eozinofili, PAS pozitivni granulirani limfociti i trombociti. Ustanovljeno je da je morfologija neutrofila slična onoj u riba somovki (Siluriformes). U usporedbi s ostalim dugobrkim ribama (Pimelodidae), broj eritrocita, hematokrit i srednji volumen eritrocita pokazali su najniži indeks varijacija. Za razliku od ostalih somovki, S. lima je pokazala istodobnu prisutnost cirkulirajućih eozinofila i bazofila

Características dos serviços de saúde associadas à adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose

OBJECTIVE: To analyze characteristics related to adherence to tuberculosis treatment in tuberculosis outpatient clinics. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted in outpatient clinics for the treatment of tuberculosis cases in the sanitary districts of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, in 2006. The sample was composed of the municipal health units that assisted 67.2% of the 2,283 tuberculosis cases that were reported during the year. The following variables were analyzed: cure, dropout, tests, health team and benefits offered to the patients. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to verify the association between variables, and associations with pOBJETIVO: Analisar características relacionadas à adesão ao tratamento dos casos de tuberculose em serviços de referência para tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico nas unidades de referência no tratamento dos casos de tuberculose dos distritos sanitários de Salvador, BA, em 2006. A amostra foi composta pelas unidades de saúde municipais que atenderam 67,2% dos 2.283 casos notificados de tuberculose no ano. Foram analisadas as variáveis: cura, abandono, exames realizados, equipe de saúde e benefícios aos pacientes. Para verificar associação entre as variáveis, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, sendo consideradas estatisticamente significantes as associações com pOBJETIVO: Analizar características relacionadas a la adhesión al tratamiento de los casos de tuberculosis en servicios de referencia para tuberculosis. MÉTODOS: Se trata de estudio ecológico en las unidades de referencia en el tratamiento de los casos de tuberculosis de los distritos sanitarios de Salvador, Noreste de Brasil, en 2006. La muestra fue compuesta por las unidades de salud municipales que atendieron 67,2% de los 2.283 casos notificados de tuberculosis en el año. Fueron analizadas las variables: cura, abandono, exámenes realizados, equipo de salud y beneficios a los pacientes. Para verificar asociación entre las variables, fue utilizada la prueba chi-cuadrado o exacto de Fisher, siendo consideradas estadísticamente significativas las asociaciones con

Inflamación crónica granulomatosa en el pez teleósteo Piaractus mesopotamicus: modelo de estudio histopatológico

Objective. This study evaluated the cell kinetic and formation of granuloma during chronic inflammation induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in the skeletal muscle of Piaractus mesopotamicus, as a histopathology model to study innate immunity. Materials and methods. Sixty fish were divided in two groups: BCG-inoculated and non-inoculated fish and the inflammatory response analyzed 3, 7, 14, 21 and 33 days post-inoculation (DPI) by histopathology after hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results. 3 DPI of BCG showed a diffuse inflammatory reaction mostly composed by mononuclear cells. The inflammation continued diffuse 7 DPI initiating the cellular organization surrounding the inoculum and have continued at 14 DPI with discrete presence of epithelioid-like type cells with acidophilic cytoplasm and floppy chromatin. Higher cellular organization (21 DPI) surrounding the granuloma with intense peripheral mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and nevertheless, an increase in the number of fibroblasts and macrophage-like cells was observed. The inflammatory process became less diffuse 33 DPI with formation of small amount of granuloma surrounded by the same type of reaction found in bigger granuloma. Both the young and old granuloma presented typical characteristic around the inoculum composed by a layer of epithelioid-like type cells, besides macrophages, some lymphocytes and abundant fibroblasts. Conclusions. This study showed the feasibility in the use of pacus to study chronic granulomatous inflammatory response induced by BCG, characterized by changes in the kinetics of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle classifying as immune-epithelioid type, similar to granulomatous inflammation caused by M. marinum in teleost fish.Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó la cinética celular y la formación de granuloma durante la inflamación crónica inducida por el Bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) en el músculo esquelético de Piaractus mesopotamicus, como modelo histopatológico para estudiar la inmunidad innata. Materiales y métodos. Sesenta peces fueron divididos en dos grupos: peces inoculados con BCG y no inoculados y la respuesta inflamatoria analizada en 3, 7, 14, 21 y 33 días post-inóculo (DPI) por medio del análisis histopatológico y tinciones de hematoxilina-eosina y Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados. 3 DPI de BCG se observó reacción inflamatoria difusa principalmente formada por infiltrado celular mononuclear. Al 7° DPI la inflamación continuaba difusa con inicio de organización celular alrededor del inoculo, que se observó hasta el 14° DPI con discreta presencia de células de tipo epiteliodes con citoplasma acidófilo y cromatina laxa. Para el 21° DPI se observó alta organización celular alrededor del granuloma con intenso infiltrado mononuclear periférico e incremento en el número de fibroblastos y macrófagos. El proceso inflamatorio se tornó menos difuso a los 33 DPI con formación de pequeños granulomas contenidos dentro de uno más grande. Los granulomas formados más rápidamente así como los formados tardíamente, presentaron características típicas alrededor del inóculo compuesta por una camada de células tipo epitelioides, macrófagos, linfocitos y fibroblastos. Conclusiones. Este estudio mostró la viabilidad del uso del P. mesopotamicus para estudiar la respuesta inflamatoria crónica granulomatosa inducida con BCG, caracterizado por la evolución de la cinética de células inflamatorias en el músculo esquelético clasificándolo como de tipo inmune-epitelioide, similar a la inflamación granulomatosa causada por M. marinum en peces teleósteos

Nutrient Content with Different Fertilizer Management and Influence on Yield and Fruit Quality in Apple cv. Gala

Assessing a plant’s nutritional status and fertilizer rates and types that can optimize fruit quality and yield are critical in intensive apple orchards. The aim of this work was to identify correlations between nutrients in the different organs that allow the early diagnosis of the nutritional status and to assess the impact on the optimal nutrient content in apple leaves, as well as in the yield and quality of chemical and organic fertilization. Five orchards of ‘Gala’ were fertilized with different levels of NPK over a period of four years. Macro and micronutrients of buds, flowers, 45 and 90–110 days after full bloom (DAFB) leaves and 60 DAFB and 15 days before harvest (DBH) fruits were determined. Boron was the only element for which strong correlations, 0.7 < r < 0.9, were observed between all organ pairs. The fertilization treatments did not affect the nutrient concentrations in the leaves of 90–110 DAFB other than P, Ca and Mg and did not affect the macronutrients in the fruit. In one of the five orchards, the yield increased by 26% with double fertilization compared to standard fertilization and, for the other four orchards, the impact depended on the year. Fruit size was more related to crop load than to fertilization and TSS and firmness were not affected by the type or amount of fertilizers. Replacing part of the chemical fertilizer with organic materials did not affect productivity or fruit qualityinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tuberculose em adolescentes em duas capitais brasileiras

Analisamos o perfil clínico-radiológico da tuberculose (TB) em adolescentes de duas capitais brasileiras, segundo a revisão de 2010 das normas do Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose; estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, transversal de casos notificados de TB em Manaus e Salvador, de 1996 a 2003, em dois grupos: 10 a 14 anos e &#8805; 15 a 19 anos com estatística descritiva. Havia 1.781 adolescentes [928 (52,1%) do sexo masculino]. A média de idade = 16 anos (mediana = 16; DP = 2,3). Encontramos 1.447 (82,9%) pacientes com TB pulmonar; 179 (10,3%) com TB pleural e 81 (4,6%) com ganglionar periférica. A tosse ocorreu mais no grupo &#8805; 15 anos (p < 0,001). A baciloscopia foi positiva em 150 (72,1%) com TB pulmonar no grupo de 10 a 14 anos, e em 870 (84,4%) no grupo de &#8805; 15 anos. Havia radiografias de tórax do tipo adulto em 1.088 (98.6%) no grupo de &#8805; 15 anos, e em 58 (98.1%) no grupo < 15 anos (p < 0.0001). Houve tendência à maior ocorrência de TB bacteriológica do tipo adulto na medida em que o paciente aumentava de idade

A completeness indicator of gestational and congenital syphilis information in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of information on gestational syphilis (GS) and congenital syphilis (CS) on the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN-Syphilis Brazil – Notifiable Diseases Information System) by compiling and validating completeness indicators between 2007 and 2018. METHODS: Overall, care, and socioeconomic completeness scores were compiled based on selected variables, by using ad hoc weights assigned by experts. The completeness scores were analysed, considering the region and area of residence, the pregnant woman’s race/colour, and the year of case notification. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to validate the scores obtained by the weighted average method, compared with the values obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: Most selected variables presented a good or excellent degree of completeness for GS and CS, except for clinical classification, pregnant woman’s level of education, partner’s treatment, and child’s race/colour, which were classified as poor or very poor. The overall (89.93% versus 89.69%) and socioeconomic (88.71% versus 88.24%) completeness scores for GS and CS, respectively, were classified as regular, whereas the care score (GS-90.88%, and CS-90.72%) was good, despite improvements over time. Differences in the overall, care and socioeconomic completeness scores according to region, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups were reported for syphilis notifications. The completeness scores estimated by the weighted average method and PCA showed a strong linear correlation (&gt; 0.90). CONCLUSION: The completeness of GS and CS notifications has been improving in recent years, highlighting the variables that form the care score, compared with the socioeconomic scores, despite differences between regions, area of residence, and ethnic-racial groups. The weighted average was a viable methodological alternative easily operationalised to estimate data completeness scores, allowing routine monitoring of the completeness of gestational and congenital syphilis records

ACANTHOSTOMUM GNERII SZIDAT, 1954 (DIGENEA: CRYPTOGONIMIDAE) DE RHAMDIA QUELEN (QUOY & GAIMARD, 1824)

Acanthostomum gnerii és un digenea frecuentemente reportado en el intestino de Siluriformes y bien distribuida en el centro y suramérica. El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar información adicional sobre las características morfológicas de la A. gnerii por secciones histológicas y microscopio electrónico de barrido, así como para proporcionar mediciones comparativas de Acanthostomum spp.. Diferente de registros anteriores de este helminto en Rhamdia sp., los espécimes de presente estudio presentearon dos brazos en la porción anterior del cuerpo luego después de la faringe. Ellos se juntan en un poro lateral en el lado esquierdo del cuerpo semelhante al observado en A. proctophorum y A. minimum. Esta morfología no hay sido descripta como característica válida para Acanthostomidae. La variación morfológica podria estar asociada a diferentes poblaciones de la misma especie. Nuevos estudios usando tecnicas moleculares son recomendados para certificar se esta característica coresponde a la diversidad de A. gnerii encuentrada en otras especies de peces

Growth hormone 1 gene (GH1) polymorphisms as possible markers of the production potential of beef cattle using the Brazilian Canchim breed as a model

The growth hormone 1 gene (GH1) is a candidate gene for body weight and weight gain in cattle since it plays a fundamental role in growth regulation. We investigated the GH1 gene AluI and DdeI restriction enzyme polymorphisms, located 149 bp apart in the cattle genome, as possible markers of the production potential of Canchim crossbreed cattle, a 5/8 Charolais (Bos taurus) and 3/8 Nelore (Bos indicus) breed developed in Brazil, by evaluating the birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight and plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration of 7 month to 10 months old Canchim calves (n = 204) of known genealogy and which had been genotyped for the AluI and DdeI markers. Our results showed significant effect (p < 0.05) between the homozygous DdeI+/DdeI+ polymorphism and the estimated breeding value for weaning weight (ESB-WW), while the AluI leucine homozygous (L/L) and leucine/valine (L/V) heterozygous polymorphisms showed no significant effect on the traits studied. The restriction sites of the two enzymes led to the formation of haplotypes which also exerted a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the ESB-WW, with the largest difference being 8.5 kg in favor of the homozygous L plus DdeI+/L plus DdeI+ genotype over the heterozygous L plus DdeI-/V plus DdeI+ genotype