Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

2) Profundidade de semeadura e sombreamento na emergência de plântulas de maracujá.

Ministério da Educação e Cultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará e Serviço de Documentação e Informação.1) Verificaram-se as possíveis influências de diversos tipos de embalagens, visando a conservação de frutos de maracujá pós-colheita, durante cinco dias ao sol e à sombra em acondicionadores do tipo paneiro, caixa de madeira, saco de aniagem, saco de encerado, caixa de papelão e saco plástico. Os resultados obtidos no Experimento 1, realizado em fevereiro de 1974. mostraram o paneiro como melhor embalagem, quando o produto não ficar exposto ao sol ou a chuva. No Experimento 2, realizado em novembro do mesmo ano, destacou-se, ao sol, o saco de encerado e à sombra, o paneiro.2) Verificaram os efeitos de quatro níveis de profundidade de semeadura de sementes de maracujá (0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm e 3 cm) em sistemas de sombreamento com arborização natural e a céu aberto. Após a tabulaçâo e análise dos resultados concluiu-se que os melhores níveis de profundidade para as sementes de maracujá foram 1, 2 e 3 cm em sementeiras sombreadas.3) Estudo do efeito de diferentes fontes e dosagens de nitrogênio, (N) na cultura do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) sob regime de irrigação controlada. Foi realizado em área da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, em solo de várzea alta do estuário do Amazonas, utilizando-se como fontes de nitrogênio o sulfato de amônio e a uréia aplicados em 5 níveis: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg/ha de nitrogênio. A cultivar utilizada foi a CICA-4. Como melhor fonte de nitrogênio destacou-se o sulfato de amônio e os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as dosagens de 150 e 200 kg/ha de nitrogênio na forma de sulfato de amônio, com as produções de 4,528 kg/ha e 4.749 kg/ha. Esses tratamentos proporcionaram aumentos de 250% e 262%, respectivamente, em relação à testemunha. O ótimo econômico está em torno de 165 kg/ha de nitrogênio na forma de sulfato de amônio.4) Cálculo da convergência meridiana entre dois pontos sobre a superfície de um elipsóide de revolução, em função das latitudes elipsóidicas e do azimute da geodésia compreendida pelos mesmos pontos. A obtenção da mesma fórmula apresentada fundamentou-se basicamente no teorema da CLAIRAUT. Os resultados obtidos em 12 aplicações em diferentes quadrantes, não apresentaram diferenças significativas, em comparação com os resultados oriundos do teorema de DALBY.5) Estudo e desenvolvimento de um instrumento para medida do fluxo de Radiação Solar Global. As medidas da evaporação que se processa através de uma superfície negra porosa, plana, suprida de água e mantida a um potencial praticamente nulo, serviram como base para os estudos realizados. O Radiômetro Evaporimétrico constituiu-se de duas unidades evaporantes, uma coberta e outra descoberta, sendo as medidas de fluxo de Radiação Solar Global realizadas por um Actinógrafo Robitzseh convenientemente calibrado. Efetuou-se um estudo comparativo entre os fluxos de Radiação Solar Global estimados com o auxílio do "Radiômetro Evaporimétrico e pelo uso da equação proposta por OMETTO (3). As medidas de evaporação das unidades componentes do Radiômetro Evaporimétrico", foram utilizados na estimativa da Evapotranspiração potencial, através de uma simplificação na fórmula original de Penman. Procedeu-se uma comparação entre os valores assim estimados e aqueles observados em cinco evapotranspirômetros instalados no Observatório Meteorológico da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". O equipamento proposto apresenta simplicidade no manuseio, baixo custo, condições estas que permitem a sua aquisição pelos agricultores. A série de medidas efetuadas no período de outubro/78 a fevereiro/79, permitiu uma análise estatística dos dados, obtendo-se equações de regressão, para valores médios de cinco leituras. Com o Radiômetro Evaporimétrico foi possível estabelecer uma estimativa para ETP, através de equações. Estas equações permitiram uma estimativa da ETP com grande precisão, se os resultados assim obtidos forem comparados com as medidas realizadas com evapotranspirômetros.6) Efetuaram-se observações quanto a variação da composição da vegetação que se sucedia após aplicação de herbicidas objetivando, em decorrência dessa sucessão, definir misturas de herbicidas mais eficientes e capazes de promover, a custo mais baixo, o controle das invasoras. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as misturas MSMA + Diuron (1,4 + 3,2) kg i.a/ha e MSMA + Diuron + Dalapon (1,4+3,2+3,4) kg i.a./ha, apresentaram controle mais abrangente das plantas daninhas.7) Foram estudados em condições de campo, os efeitos do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) nas concentrações de 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm e 4000 ppm aplicado na raiz pivotante de tocos enxertado de seringueira (Hevea spp) com 8 meses de idade. Todas as concentrações testadas aumentaram a produção e induziram mais cedo a emissão de novas raízes laterais. Tocos tratados com AIB 2000 ppm e 4000 ppm, apresentaram maiores pesos de raízes laterais, cujas resposta 30 dias após as aplicações dos tratamentos, foram de respectivamente 545% e 760%, sobre a testemunha.1) It was studied in two experiments the viability of Passionflower fruit conservation, in five days period. The postharvested fruits were preserved in diverse package types, as basket, wooden box, burlap sack, waxy sack, carton box and plastic sack. The packages were placed to open air and to the shadow. In experiment number one (02/74), the basket package was the best, without significative difference. In number two experiment (11/74), the waxy-sack was the best in open air and the basket in the shadow.2) lí was studied four modalities of seeding deeps (as 0, 1, 2 and 3 cm) of Passion-flower seeds in shading systems by natural arborization and open sky. After tabulation and analysis of results, it was achieved that the best deep modalities for Passion-flower seeding are: 1, 2 and 3cm, and the best planting was the natural arborization.3) The present paper report the results of one field trial with rice (Oryza sativa, L.) carried out at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará in a alluvial soil of Amazon river estuary and cultivated under controled irrigation conditions with the objective of studying the effects of differents sources and leveis of nitrogen. Seeds of the variety CICA-4 were used. The sources of nitrogen were: ammonium sulfate and urea and the levels; 50kg/ha; l00kg/ha; 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha of nitrogen. The best source of nitrogen was the ammonium sulfate and the best results were obtained with the levels of 150kg/ha and 200kg/ha of nitrogen as ammonium sulfate which gone yields of 4.528kg/ha and 4.749kg/ha respectively, representing increases of 250% and 262% over the control. Optimum dose of nitrogen for irrigated rice was established by economical analysis about 165kg/ha as ammonium sulfate.4) It was studied the computation of meridian convergence between two points on the surface of evolution ellipsoid, related to ellipsoidal latitudes and the geodesical azimuth situated between the same points, The formula obtention was baseai chiefly in the Clairant theorem. The obtained results, in twelve application, in different quadrants have not presented significative differences in comparison with the derived results from the Dalby theorem.5) The objetive of this work was to study and design an instrument (Evaporative Radiometer) to measure global solar radiation. Evaporation measurements were made through a block and flat porous surfaee mainrained at zero water potential. The Evaporative Radiometer consisted of two evaporation units, one covered and other uncovered, being the observed evaporation differences correlated, with the Global Radiation Flur Measured by Robitzseh Actinograph. A comparativo study between the data obtained by means the Evaporative Radiometer and those by the equation profosed by OMETTO (1973) was absomade. Furthemore, Hiroug Evaporative Radiometer measurements, it was possihle to estimate. The potential evapotranspiration by simplifying Penman's original equation. The results so obtained were compared with those observed in five evapotranspirometers installed at the Meteorological Station of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". The proposed instrument presents handling simplicity and low cost so that it could be used by farmers. A series of measurements made in the período october/78 — February/79 permited ou estatistical analysls and following regression equation. Finally, in comparison with evapotranspirometer, these equations permited to estimate ETP with good precision.6) Observations were made aiming to observe weed moge and weed succession after herbicides aplications, to determine the more efficient herbicides mixtures that promove a better and cheaper weed control. The results showed that the best mixtures were the following: MSMA + Diuron (1,4 + 3,2) kg i.a./ha and MSMA + Diuron + Dalapon (1,4 + 3,2 -f 3,4) kg i.a./ha.7) A field experiment was conduced to evaluate the effect of four indollbutyric acid (IBA) concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 p.p.m.) applied to the taproot of eight month old rubber tree (Hevea spp.) budded stumps. All concentrations tested enhanced production as well as induced early new lateral roots emission. Stumps treated with 2000 and 4000 p.p.m. concentrations exhibited higher lateral roots weight, resulting in incrementa of respectively 545 and 760% as compared to the control, 30 days after the application