Why Is There Discrimination Against the Elderly? Experimental and Empirical Analyses for the Rental Housing Market in Japan

Nakagawa(2001) and Nakagawa(2002) applies a fair housing audit technique to age discrimination in Japanese rental housing market, using data from the 2001 Osaka Audits. However, the experimental design of the study had some problems to be improved, e.g. lacked generality. This paper reports the outcome of a new fair housing audit (the 2002 Osaka Audits), in which improvements were added for these problems, and analyzes the existence of discrimination against the elderly as a whole and a variety of causes of age discrimination, using a broader range of tests of hypotheses. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: housing discrimination against elderly home-seekers was observed on a statistically significant level. It was also suggested that the risk of the elderly's future income changing, the risk of fire caused by their negligence, the risk of their tenancy period becoming too long, and their preference for location of housing, as well as young people's preference for neighborhoods of young inhabitants, affected housing discrimination against elderly home-seekers. Finally, it was found that the patterns of restrictions on renting houses to the elderly differed according to their family structure and age.

Analysis of Age Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market in Japan: An Approach Using a Fair Housing Audit

A fair housing audit is an important tool for measuring racial and ethnic discrimination in housing market, so they are widely used for policy purposes in the U.S. Each audit consists of a visit to a real estate agent by a minority individual and a majority individual with equal qualification. This paper applies this survey technique to age discrimination in Japanese rental housing market. Using data from the 2001 Osaka Audits, this paper analyzes the level and causes of the discrimination encountered by elderly home-seekers, and argues the relation between age discrimination and residential segregation of elderly. The estimated level of discrimination is high: The number of available housing units about which elderly home-seekers are told is 30 percent fewer than the number of available housing units about which young home-seekers are told. Econometric tests suggest that stereotyping about elderly renters' ability to pay and rental terms, and young people's preference for a neighborhood of young inhabitants influences agent behavior. And age discrimination and inflexibility in the housing market for the elderly are probable reason for residential segregation of elderly.

Bending Shear: The Rate-Controlling Mechanism for Calving Ice Walls

Bending shear was observed to produce nearly vertical shear bands in a calving ice wall standing on dry land on Deception Island (Iat. 63.0 oS., long. 60.6 W.), and slabs calved straight downward when shear rupture occurred along these shear bands (Hughes, 1989). A formula for the calving rate was developed from the Deception Island data, and we have attempted to justify generalizing this formula to include ice walls standing along beaches or in water. These are environments in which a wave-washed groove develops along the base of the ice wall or along a water line above the base. The rate of wave erosion provides an alternative mechanism for controlling the calving rate in these environments. We have determined that the rate at which bending creep produces nearly vertical shear bands, along which shear r upture occurs, controls the calving rate in all environments. Shear rupture occurs at a calving shear stress of about I bar. Our results justify using the calving formula to compute the calving rate of ice walls in computer models of ice-sheet dynamics. This is especially important in simulating retreat of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the last deglaciation, when marine and lacustrine environments were common along retreating ice margins. These margins would have been ice walls standing along beaches or in water, because floating ice shelves are not expected in the ablation zone of retreating ice sheets

ステント留置後長期フォローアップにおけるステント間でのOCTによる血管治癒反応の比較検討

博士（医学）神戸大

Generation of five phase-locked harmonics by implementing a divide-by-three optical frequency divider

We report the generation of five phase-locked harmonics, f_1: 2403 nm, f_2: 1201 nm, f_3: 801 nm, f_4: 600 nm, and f_5: 480 nm with an exact frequency ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 by implementing a divide-by-three optical-frequency divider in the high harmonic generation process. All five harmonics are generated coaxially with high phase coherence in time and space, which are applicable for various practical uses.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure