Feasibility of an Acoustophoresis-based System for a High-Throughput Cell Washing: Application to Bioproduction

Background These last decades have seen the emergence and development of cell-based therapies, notably those based on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The advancement of these promising treatments requires increasing the throughput of processed cell for industrialization in order to reduce production costs. Among the various bioproduction challenges, downstream processing (DSP), including medium exchange, cell washing, cell harvesting and volume reduction, remains a critical step on which improvements are needed. Typically, these processes are performed by centrifugation. However, this approach limits the automation, especially in small batch productions where it is performed manually in open system. Methods An acoustophoresis-based system was developed for cell washing. The cells were transferred from one stream to another via the acoustic forces and were collected in a different medium. The optimal flow rates of the different streams were assessed using Red Blood Cells (RBCs) suspended in an albumin solution. Finally, the impact of acoustic washing on adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) transcriptome was investigated by RNA-sequencing. Results With a single passage through the acoustic device at input flow rate of 45 mL/h, the albumin removal was up to 90% while recovering 99% of RBCs. To further increase the protein removal, a loop washing in two steps was performed and has allowed an albumin removal $\ge$99% and a RBCs/AD-MSCs recovery of 99%. After loop washing of AD-MSCs, only 2 genes, HES4 and MIR-3648-1, were differently expressed compared to the input. Conclusion In this study, we developed a continuous cell washing system based on acoustophoresis. The process allows a high cell throughput while inducing little gene expression changes. These results highly suggest that cell washing based on acoustophoresis is a relevant and promising solution for numerous applications in cell manufacturing

Transcriptome analysis of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells from patients with primary myelofibrosis

International audiencePrimary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm whose severity and treatment complexity are attributed to the presence of bone marrow (BM) fibrosis and alterations of stroma impairing the production of normal blood cells. Despite the recently discovered mutations including the JAK2V617F mutation in about half of patients, the primitive event responsible for the clonal proliferation is still unknown. In the highly inflammatory context of PMF, the presence of fibrosis associated with a neoangiogenesis and an osteosclerosis concomitant to the myeloproliferation and to the increase number of circulating hematopoietic progenitors suggests that the crosstalk between hematopoietic and stromal cells is deregulated in the PMF BM microenvironmental niches. Within these niches, mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) play a hematopoietic supportive role in the production of growth factors and extracellular matrix which regulate the proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and migration of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. A transcriptome analysis of BM-MSC in PMF patients will help to characterize their molecular alterations and to understand their involvement in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell deregulation that features PMF

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Based Therapy in Systemic Sclerosis: Rational and Challenges

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic disease, related to autoimmune connective tissue diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren's Syndrome. Although its clinical heterogeneity, main features of the disease are: extensive tissue fibrosis with increase matrix deposition in skin and internal organ, microvascular alterations and activation of the immune system with autoantibodies against various cellular antigens. In the diffuse cutaneous scleroderma subtype, the disease is rapidly progressive with a poor prognosis, leading to failure of almost any internal organ, especially lung which is the leading cause of death. Primary trigger is unknown but may involve an immune process against mesenchymal cells in a genetically receptive host. Pathophysiology reveals a pivotal role of fibrosis and inflammation alterations implicating different cell subtypes, cytokines and growth factors, autoantibodies and reactive oxygen species. Despite improvement, the overall survival of SSc patients is still lower than that of other inflammatory diseases. Recommended drugs are agents capable of modulating fibrotic and inflammatory pathways. Cellular therapy has recently emerged as a credible option. Besides autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation which demonstrated remarkable improvement, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent promising therapeutic candidates. Indeed, these cells possess anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and immunomodulary properties especially by secreting a large panel of bioactive molecules, addressing the most important key points of the SSc. In addition, these cells are very sensitive to their environment and are able to modulate their activity according to the pathophysiological context in which they are located. Autologous or allogeneic MSCs from various sources have been tested in many trials in different auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus. They are characterized by a broad availability and no or low acute toxicity. However, few randomized prospective clinical trials were published and their production under ATMP regulatory procedures is complex and time-consuming. Many aspects have still to be addressed to ascertain their potential as well as the potential of their derived products in the management of SSc, probably in association with other therapies

Tetraspanin CD9 participates in dysmegakaryopoiesis and stromal interactions in primary myelofibrosis

Primary myelofibrosis is characterized by clonal myeloproliferation, dysmegakaryopoiesis, extramedullary hematopoiesis associated with myelofibrosis and altered stroma in the bone marrow and spleen. The expression of CD9, a tetraspanin known to participate in megakaryopoiesis, platelet formation, cell migration and interaction with stroma, is deregulated in patients with primary myelofibrosis and is correlated with stage of myelofibrosis. We investigated whether CD9 participates in the dysmegakaryopoiesis observed in patients and whether it is involved in the altered interplay between megakaryocytes and stromal cells. We found that CD9 expression was modulated during megakaryocyte differentiation in primary myelofibrosis and that cell surface CD9 engagement by antibody ligation improved the dysmegakaryopoiesis by restoring the balance of MAPK and PI3K signaling. When co-cultured on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells from patients, megakaryocytes from patients with primary myelofibrosis displayed modified behaviors in terms of adhesion, cell survival and proliferation as compared to megakaryocytes from healthy donors. These modifications were reversed after antibody ligation of cell surface CD9, suggesting the participation of CD9 in the abnormal interplay between primary myelofibrosis megakaryocytes and stroma. Furthermore, silencing of CD9 reduced CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression in primary myelofibrosis megakaryocytes as well as their CXCL12-dependent migration. Collectively, our results indicate that CD9 plays a role in the dysmegakaryopoiesis that occurs in primary myelofibrosis and affects interactions between megakaryocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. These results strengthen the “bad seed in bad soil” hypothesis that we have previously proposed, in which alterations of reciprocal interactions between hematopoietic and stromal cells participate in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis

Molecular and Functionnal Abnormalities of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Primary Myelofibrosis Patients : « intrinsic » Impairment of their Osteogenic Potency

La myélofibrose primitive (MFP) est un néoplasme myéloprolifératif chromosome Philadelphie négatif rare, mais de pronostic sévère. Elle se caractérise par une prolifération clonale et une mobilisation des cellules souches et progéniteurs hématopoïétiques (CSH/PH) de la moelle osseuse vers la rate et le foie. Cette anomalie de l’hématopoïèse est associée à une pathologie du stroma (myélofibrose, ostéosclérose et néoangiogenèse). L’existence d’anomalies moléculaires de la CSH/PH telles que les mutations de Jak2, Mpl, TET2 ou CALR ne permet pas à elle seule d’expliquer la physiopathologie de la maladie. Les résultats obtenus dans le laboratoire suggèrent que le microenvironnement médullaire au sein des niches hématopoïétiques et en particulier les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM), participe vraisemblablement à cette dérégulation de l’hématopoïèse, favorisant le développement du clone pathologique. Cependant, aucune preuve tangible d’une altération des CSM médullaires n’a été jusqu’à présent apportée.Dans ce travail, nous avons isolé les CSM de la moelle de patients atteints de MFP et réalisé une caractérisation « complète » de ces cellules : prolifération, phénotype, soutien de l’hématopoïèse, sécrétome, transcriptome, miRNome et capacités de différenciation. Nos résultats ont permis de dégager un faisceau d’arguments en faveur d’une dérégulation de leur différenciation ostéoblastique (DOB). (i) Les cytokines BMP2, RANTES, PDGF, TGF-β1, VEGF et Il-6 sont significativement produites en plus grande quantité par ces cellules. (ii) L’étude du transcriptome a révélé une expression significativement différente d’un ensemble de gènes impliqués dans la DOB tels que RUNX2, DLX5, TWIST1 et NOGGIN. (iii) De nombreux micro-ARN, dont certains sont connus pour être impliqués dans la DOB comme miR-210 ou dans le nichage des cellules souches hématopoïétiques comme miR-34a, sont dérégulés à l’état basal et au cours de cette DOB. (iv) Enfin, l’étude de leurs capacités de différenciation ostéoblastique in vitro et in vivo chez la souris immunodéprimée est en faveur d’une augmentation de ces capacités. Nous avons étudié l’impact du TGF- β1 dans cette DOB. Nous avons mis en évidence que les CSM de malades présentent un état basal d'activation de la voie de signalisation pSmad significativement augmenté, confirmant l’expression endogène de TGF-β1. En utilisant des inhibiteurs spécifiques du récepteur de type I au TGF- β, nous avons montré l’implication de cette cytokine dans les altérations de la DOB. En conclusion, notre travail montre pour la première fois que les CSM des malades de MFP sont anormales et ce indépendamment de la stimulation par le clone hématopoïétique pathologique, suggérant la présence d'anomalies constitutives ou acquises. Ces anomalies impliquent deux acteurs majeurs de la pathologie : le TGF-β1 et l'ostéogenèse.Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm, rare but associated with a poor prognosis. Its features are a clonal proliferation and an egress of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from bone marrow to spleen. These abnormalities of hematopoiesis are in relation with a pathological stroma (myelofibrosis, osteosclerosis and neoangiogenesis). Molecular abnormalities present in HSC partially explain the physiopathology of the disease. Results from our lab suggest that the bone marrow micro-environnement, especially mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), are involved in the deregulation of hematopoiesis, promoting the clonal cells. However, there is no strong evidence of bone marrow MSC alterations reported for now.In our study, we isolated MSC from bone marrow of patients suffering from PMF and performed a broad characterization: proliferation, phenotype, hematopoiesis supporting capacities, secretome, transcriptome and miRNome analysis. Our results highlight arguments in favor of a deregulation of their osteogenic capacities. (i) Cytokines NMP2, RANTES, PDGF, TGF-β1, VEGF and Il-6 were significantly overproduced by MSCs. (ii) Transcriptome analysis revealed a specific signature involving genes participating in osteogenic differentiation such as RUNX2, DLX5, TWIST1 and NOGGIN. (iii) Many micro-RNAs, some know to be involved in osteogenic differentiation regulation, as mir-34a, are deregulated in MSCs and in MSC-derived osteoblasts. (iv) Finally, study of their osteogenic potency in vitro and in vivo in nude mice showed an increasing of their osteogenic potency. We studied the impact of TGF-β1 in this process and showed that PMF MSCs showed a basal expression of Smad pathway significantly increased as compared to control. Using specific inhibitor of TGF-β1 receptor, we demonstrated the implication of this cytokine in the osteogenic impairment.To summarize, our work shows for the first time that MSCs from PMF patients are abnormal, independently from stimulation by clonal cells, suggesting intrinsic abnormalities. These abnormalities involve two main factor of the disease: TGF-β1 and osteogenesis

Compléxité du virus de l'hépatite C dans le foie et la plasma de patients co-infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine

BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF