Effect of selective anthelmintic treatments on health and production parameters in Pelibuey ewes during lactation

A study was conducted from December to April 2013, with the aim of evaluating a system of selective antiparasitic treatments using the FAMACHA© color chart compared with a conventional suppressive deworming system every 30 days in Pelibuey ewes during lactation. For the study, 54 ewes were used. They were randomly divided into two groups: FAMACHA and chemical treatments. The ewes in the first group received selective treatment depending on the ocular mucosa coloration (FAMACHA) and body condition score (BCS), while in the second group (chemical) all the animals remained under routine deworming every 30 days. Fecal nematode egg counts, proportion of third-stage trichostrongylid larvae, body condition, coloration of the ocular mucosa, and packed cell volume in the ewes were determined, while in lambs only body weight (BW) was recorded. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in any of the studied variables between groups; however, the use of antiparasitic drugs was reduced during the experimental period in the FAMACHA group and no deaths of lambs or ewes were recorded. The results indicate that during the lactation of ewes, a strategy of selective treatments can be implemented without showing deterioration in major health and productive parameters of these animals.cub

Nutraceutic effect of free condensed tannins of lysiloma acapulcensis (kunth) benth on parasite infection and performance of pelibuey sheep

Abstract Forty-five Pelibuey sheep were experimentally infested with nematodes to evaluate the effect of three free condensed tannin (FCT) levels of Lysiloma acapulcensis on fecal egg counts (FECs), packed cell volumes (PCV), ocular mucosa colors (OMC), average daily gain (ADG), and adult nematode count. Five treatments were used: 12.5, 25.0, and 37.5 mg of FCT kg−1 of body weight (BW); sterile water (control); and ivermectine (0.22 mg kg−1 of BW) as chemical group. The data were processed through repeated measure- ment analysis. Even though the three FCT doses decreased (P < 0.05) the FEC, the highest reduction was obtained with 37.5 mg kg−1 of BW. No differences were observed in PCV and OMC. Higher ADG (P < 0.05) was observed with 37.5 mg kg−1 of BW of FCT. The count of adult nematodes (females and males) in the higher dose of FCT was similar to chemical treatment. Dose of 37.5 mg kg−1 of BW decreased the parasite infection and improved the lamb performance. Therefore, this dose could be used as a nutraceutic product in sheep production.This work was undertaken with funds from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (Project UAEM 1026/2014RIFC). Our gratitude also goes to the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) for the grant received by Cesar García Hernández

Efficience alicamentaire des plantes à tanins pour une production animale agroécologique

Nutraceutical efficiency of tropical tannin rich plants for agroecological livestock production In view of the global challenges associated with food security and climate change by 2050, agro-ecology is an innovative option which seeks to improve in a greener way, the efficiency of production and use of resources in livestock systems. Livestock production is one of the mainstays of the world's diet, sheep and goats dominating in the tropics in terms of numbers and purposely raised for their milk and meat. However, unfavorable climatic conditions, threatens the production of livestock owing to unavailability of food resources and to increase in diseases inception. The risk of the latter is increased by globalization and human behavior, as illustrated by the high prevalence of gastrointestinal pathogens in farmed small ruminants, which, in addition, have developed significant resistance to most synthetic products worldwide. In order to enhance animal productivity, in the face of new challenges of global agriculture, alternative feed resources, prevention of disease resistance and natural resources, should be given the needed attention. Agroecology relies on fundamentals, among which, the crop-livestock synergy, found in more or less integrated in mixed farming systems (MFS). These MFS are based on certain agro-ecological principles contributing to the greater autonomy of the farm, such as the reduction of inputs on the farm, the recycling of co-products of harvest, the valorization of unconventional resources for animal feed, and the choice of local breeds for livestock. In tropical and subtropical PBS, sheep and goats of tropical breeds have a unique adaptation to tropical climates and local food resources. In addition, the presence of biomass with nutritional properties allows both to feed and care for animals. It is in this context that the valorization of plant secondary metabolites is important, given their food and / or health values.Condensed tannins (CT), which are part of plant secondary metabolites, have bio-activities that do not only influence animal's use of plant resource, but also its health, and gas emissions into the environment. The effects include toxicity, nematicidal activity (anthelmintic), rumen nitrogen fermentation and urinary nitrogen losses, microbial ruminal fermentation orientation and CH4 emissions, and intestinal protein digestibility. These polyphenolic multi-active compounds are present in many feed resources utilized in animal production. The biological effects of CTs depend on their concentration, structure, and molecular weight. The knowledge, and therefore the characterization of CT is an important criterion for the choice of the plant resource to be utilized. The study of the bioactive potential of plant resources rich in CT, for animal production, must therefore focus on the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the compounds in plant materials.The research project, presented in this HDR, was conducted as part of the INRA-URZ research unit scientific project (which I have been part of since 2007), with the support of 44 students trainees (from Bac + 2 ; to Master degree) and 1 PhD thesis. The study sought to ascertain the chemical structures, nutritional value and anthelmintic characteristics of CTs from tropical resources and the optimal utilization of plant resources, while reducing the environmental footprint (CH4 emissions). The chemical and bio-active (anthelmintic, fermentation, nutraceutical) characterizations of CTs was concurrently studied with the small ruminant farming systems, before moving towards a finalized section for application to the breeding system (pellet test).Studies on CT have been done, partly, in support of our biological experiments, in particular for the evaluation of the CT content in the tested plant species. However, current assay methods do not allow for the comparison of CT concentrations of samples that do not belong to the same plant species. Based on the analytical database that generated, the current study focuses on the development of a common standard and a calculation model (equation) to estimate the CT content of plants, and to allow the comparison of samples, independently of the internal standards of each plant species. In addition, the results obtained during the chemical characterization of the CTs highlighted the presence of specific galloyls and epi-afzelechins groups in some plant species. These functional groups, rarely found in such high proportions, could influence the biological effect of CTs. On the other hand, the database, derived from the wide phytochemical screening of plant resources containing CT, supplemented with data obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), was evaluated during a first calibration study, for the prediction of levels and the discrimination of CT of the 3 model resources Manihot esculenta, Leucaena leucocephala, and Cajanus cajan. A NIR database has thus been created and can now be used to evaluate these 3 model resources, in terms of CT (3 plant species, 3 botanical families, 481 PIR spectra and CT contents: 246 with Manihot esculenta, 64 with Leucaena leucocephala and 81 with Cajanus cajan). A quantitative method for the rapid prediction of CT contents using the NIRS method was developed for Manihot esculenta (cassava) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). The coefficients of correlations of the calibration straight lines for the estimation of the CT contents and standard errors of cross-validation (SECV) were 0.64 and 3.16% for Manihot esculenta, and 0.87 and 2.95% for Cajanus cajan. Standard Errors of Prediction (SEP) were 3.89% and 1.58% respectively for Manihot esculenta and Cajanus cajan.On the other hand, the study of fifteen tropical plants with CT, carried out for their biological influence on animal productions, validated their nutritional, fermentative and anthelmintic effects. The CTs of all tested resources had significant depressive effects on CH4 emissions (eg 4.7%, 29.3% and 28.9% for Glyricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Manihot esculenta compared to the control, gCH4 / kg of digestible organic matter ingested ) and on the fecal excretion of gastrointestinal nematode eggs by the animals (from 33 to 80% reduction of parasite fecal egg count, for a ≥50% quantity of ingested DM). In addition, the fertility of female worms and the eggs of the gastrointestinal parasitic nematode H. contortus appeared to be weakened. The fermentation profiles and the effects on the parasitic stages being variable according to different CT, the structure-activity link was thus highlighted. Similarly, the differences in CT reactivity at the different parasite stages (from 0 to 60% efficiency on the larval development of L1 to L3 stages and from 0 to 99% efficiency on the exsheathment of the L3 infesting stage, at the concentration of 2.5 mg / ml CT extract, relative to the negative control) are explained, depending on the dose, but are also related to the chemical structure. For example, according to our results, prodelphinidin CTs would be more effective on parasite development, while prodelphinidin monomers would be more effective on L3 stage larval exsheathment. The analysis of the chemical and biological databases established, allow us, in part, to strengthen the structure-activity link thereafter. In addition, a more in-depth study of the structural differences in CTs should allow a better understanding of the differences in action and in the CT-protein interactions involved.For the use of the 3 forages with CT, namely, Manihot esculenta, Leucaena leucocephala and Cajanus cajan, selected for their dual nature (presence of CT and proteins) and their availability on the farm, drying and granulation of the forages promoted the nutraceutical effect on Manihot esculenta, Cajanus cajan and Leuacaena leucocephala. This process preserved dietary and anthelmintic effects. In addition, the mixture of the 3 resources showed a synergistic in vitro effect against the nematode H. contortus, and substantially increased by granulation (+ 3% inhibition of larval exsheathment of H. contortus). Moreover, quantities of plants with CT were determined (75 to 150 g of fresh product, i.e. 15 to 30 g of dry product, per kilo of live weight) making it possible to treat the animals against gastrointestinal parasitism (reduction of the parasite infestation of animals at 67% relative to the alfalfa control), while ensuring good growth (increase in post-infestation growth of 6.8, 31.1, 45.8 and 21.7 g / day respectively for Manihot esculenta, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena leucocephala, and the combination of the three forages). It is now a matter of refining the values by studying a dosing regimen.For the future, an exploration of the potentials of the NIR technology and chemometrics, should be considered by coupling databases from phytochemical and biological works on plant resources with CT, with those obtained from the NIR study. A high-throughput qualitative and quantitative analysis of CT rich plants could thus contribute to developing, more rapidly, the knowledge of the anthelmintic, nutritional and environmental values of tropical CT rich plants, for small ruminant breeding. It may also lead to a tool for predicting the bio-activity of the resources on the health, production and emissions from animals.Face à l’enjeu mondial de sécurité alimentaire dans un contexte de changement climatique à horizon 2050, l’agro-écologie est une option innovante, permettant d’améliorer de manière plus écologique, l’efficacité de la productivité et l’utilisation des ressources dans les systèmes d’élevage. Les productions animales, sont l’un des supports de l’alimentation mondiale, avec en zone tropicale, une prédominance pour l’élevage de moutons et de chèvres, qui sont associés à la production de lait et de viande. Cependant, du fait des aléas climatiques, la production de protéines d’origine animale est menacée par la diminution de la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires, et par l’augmentation du développement des maladies. Le risque de ces dernières est augmenté par la mondialisation et les comportements humain, comme l’illustre la forte prévalence des pathogènes nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les petits ruminants d’élevage, qui de surcroit, ont développé mondialement une résistance importante à la plupart des produits anthelminthiques de synthèse. Afin d’accroitre les productions animales, il s’agit donc, dans un contexte de changement climatique, de protéger les animaux des maladies et de produire des aliments alternatifs, tout en valorisant les ressources naturelles. L’agro-écologie s’appuie sur des fondamentaux parmi lesquels, la synergie cultures-élevage, déclinée dans les systèmes de type polyculture élevage (SPE) plus ou moins intégrés. Ces SPE reposent sur certains principes agro-écologiques contribuant à la plus grande autonomie de l’exploitation, comme la réduction des intrants à la ferme, le recyclage des co-produits de récolte, la valorisation de ressources non conventionnelles pour l’alimentation animale, et le choix de races locales pour le bétail. Dans les SPE tropicaux et subtropicaux, les moutons et chèvres de races tropicales présentent une adaptation unique aux climats tropicaux et aux ressources alimentaires locales. De surcroit, la présence de biomasse aux propriétés alicamentaires permet à la fois de nourrir et de soigner les animaux. C’est dans ce contexte que la valorisation des métabolites secondaires des plantes prend toute son importance, au regard de leurs valeurs alimentaires et/ou santé.Les tanins condensés (TC), qui font partie des métabolites secondaires des plantes, ont des bio-activités qui impactent l’utilisation de la ressource végétale par l’animal, sa santé, et différentes émissions dans l’environnement, notamment en termes de toxicité, d’activité nématicide, de fermentescibilité de l’azote dans le rumen et émission d’azote urinaire, d’orientation des fermentations microbiennes du rumen et des émissions de CH4, et de digestibilité intestinale des protéines. Ces composés polyphénoliques multi-actifs, sont présents dans de nombreuses ressources végétales valorisables pour les productions animales. Les effets biologiques variables des TC dépendent de leur concentration, leur structure et de leur poids moléculaire. La connaissance, et donc la caractérisation des TC est un critère important pour le choix de la ressource végétale à valoriser. L’étude du potentiel bio actif des ressources végétales riches en TC, pour une utilisation en productions animales, doit par conséquent être liée à une évaluation qualitative et quantitative des composés dans les matières végétales. Le projet de recherche, présenté dans le cadre de cette HDR, a été mené dans le cadre du projet d’unité de l’INRA – URZ, dont je fais partie depuis 2007. Avec l’appui de 43 étudiants stagiaires (de Bac+2 à Bac+5) et d’1 thèse, sur la période 2010-2019, il s’est agi par mes travaux, d’acquérir une meilleure connaissance (structures chimiques, modes d’action alimentaire et anthelminthique) des TC issus de ressources tropicales, afin de fournir des éléments permettant d’optimiser l’utilisation des ressources végétales en élevage tropical, pour améliorer les productions et santé animales, tout en réduisant l’empreinte environnementale (émissions de CH4). Les travaux de recherche ont donc été menés de manière parallèle, selon les volets de caractérisations chimique et bio-active (anthelminthique, fermentaire, alicamentaires) des TC, en lien avec les systèmes d’élevage de petits ruminants, avant d’évoluer vers un volet finalisé pour une application au système d’élevage (test de granulés alicamentaires). Les travaux sur la connaissance chimique des TC ont été développés, pour partie, en support à nos expérimentations biologiques, notamment pour l’évaluation des teneurs en TC dans les espèces végétales testées. Cependant, les méthodes de dosage actuelles ne permettent pas de comparer les concentrations en TC d’échantillons n’appartenant pas à la même espèce végétale. En prenant appui sur la base de données analytiques que nous avons générée, nous travaillons actuellement à la mise au point d’un standard commun et d’un modèle de calcul (équation), afin d’estimer la concentration en TC de plantes, et de permettre la comparaison d’échantillons, indépendamment des standards internes à chaque espèce végétale. De plus, les résultats obtenus lors de la caractérisation chimique des TC mettent en évidence la présence de groupements galloyls et epi-afzelechines particuliers dans certaines espèces végétales. Ces groupes fonctionnels, rarement retrouvés dans des proportions aussi élevées, pourraient influer sur l’effet biologique des TC. D’autre part, la base de données, issue du large screening phytochimique de ressources végétales à TC, complétée de données obtenues par spectroscopie dans le proche infrarouge(SPIR), a été valorisée lors d’une première étude de calibration, pour la prédiction des teneurs en TC, et la discrimination des 3 ressources modèles Manihot esculenta, Leucaena leucocephala, et Cajanus cajan. Une base de données PIR a ainsi été constituée, et est désormais mobilisable pour l’évaluation de ces 3 ressources modèles, sur le plan des TC (3 espèces de plantes, 3 familles botaniques, 481 spectres PIR et teneurs en TC : 246 Manihot esculenta, 64 Leucaena leucocephala, 81 Cajanus cajan). Une méthode quantitative applicable aux Manihot esculenta (manioc) et Cajanus cajan (pois d’angole), pour la prédiction rapide des teneurs en TC à l’aide de la méthode SPIR a été développée. Les coefficients de corrélations des droites de calibration pour l’estimation des teneurs en TC et les erreurs-standards de validation croisée (SECV) sont respectivement de 0,64 et 3,16% pour Manihot esculenta, et de 0,87 et 2,95% pour Cajanus cajan ; et les erreurs de prédictions (SEP) de 3.89% et 1.58% respectivement pour Manihot esculenta et Cajanus cajan.D’autre part, l’étude d’une quinzaine de plantes tropicales à TC, pour leurs effets biologiques applicables en productions animales, a validé des effets alimentaires, fermentaires et anthelminthiques. Les TC de toutes les ressources testées ont des effets dépressifs significatifs sur les émissions de CH4 (ex : respectivement – 4.7% ; - 29.3% et – 28.9% pour Glyricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala et Manihot esculenta par rapport au témoin, gCH4/kg de matière organique digestible ingérée (MODI) et sur l’excrétion d’œufs de nématodes gastro-intestinaux par les animaux (de 33 à 80% de réduction d’OPG pour une quantité de MSI ≥50%). De plus, la fécondité des vers et les œufs du nématode parasite gastro-intestinal H. contortus semblent fragilisés. Les profils fermentaires et les effets sur les stades parasitaires étant variables en fonction des TC, le lien structure-activité a donc été mis en évidence. De même, les différences de réactivités des TC sur les différents stades parasitaires (de 0 à 60% d’efficacité sur le développement larvaire des stades L1 à L3 ; et de 0 à 99% d’efficacité sur le dégainement au stade L3 infestant, à la concentration de 2.5 mg/ml d’extrait de TC, relativement au témoin négatif) s’expliquent, selon la dose, mais sont également liées à la structure chimique. Par exemple, d’après nos résultats, les TC à prodelphinidines seraient plus efficaces sur le développement du parasite, tandis que les monomères à prodelphinidines seraient davantage efficaces sur le dégainement larvaire. L’analyse de la base de données chimiques et biologiques, que nous avons constituée nous permettra, en partie, d’approfondir le lien structure-activité par la suite. En complément, une étude plus poussée des différences structurales des TC devra permettre de mieux appréhender les différences d’action, et les interactions TC-protéines en cause.Pour l’utilisation des 3 plantes alicamentaires à TC, Manihot esculenta, Leucaena leucocephala et Cajanus cajan, sélectionnées pour leur caractère dual (présence de TC et de protéines) et leur disponibilité sur l’exploitation, nous avons mis au point un procédé de séchage des plantes, et démontré que le procédé de séchage-granulation, que nous utilisons, est adapté à un usage alicamentaire du Manihot esculenta, du Cajanus cajan et du Leuacaena leucocephala. De plus ce procédé préserve des effets alimentaires et anthelminthiques. En outre, le mélange des 3 ressources montre un effet synergique contre le parasitisme par le nématode H. contortus in vitro, et sensiblement augmenté par la granulation (+3% d’inhibition du dégainement larvaire d’H. contortus). Des quantités de plantes à TC (75 à 150g de produit frais, soit 15 à 30g de produit sec, par kilo de poids vif) permettant de traiter les animaux contre le parasitisme gastro-intestinal (réduction de l’infestation parasitaire des animaux de 33 à 67% par rapport au témoin luzerne), tout en assurant une bonne croissance (augmentation de la croissance post infestation, de 6.8 ; 31.1 ; 45.8 et 21.7 g/j respectivement pour Manihot esculenta, Cajanus cajan, Leucaena leucocephala, et le mélange de ces 3 dernières plantes), ont été déterminées. Il s’agit maintenant d’affiner les valeurs en étudiant un schéma posologique. Pour l’avenir, une exploration des potentiels de la technologie SPIR et de la chimiométrie doit être envisagée, en couplant les bases de données issues des travaux phytochimiques et des recherches sur la bio-activité alicamentaires et fermentaires des ressources végétales à TC, avec celles issues de la SPIR. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative haut débit des plantes à TC pourra ainsi contribuer à développer, de manière plus rapide, la connaissance des valeurs antiparasitaire, alimentaire et environnementale des plantes tropicales à TC pour les petits ruminants d’élevage. De plus, cela pourra également aboutir à un outil de prédiction de la bio-activité des ressources à TC sur la santé, la production et les émissions des animaux

Etude de ressources végétales tropicales pour un usage anthelminthique en élevage de ruminants

Gastrointestinal parasitism (GI) is a major health and welfare problem of farmed ruminants. It affects animal health and has a negative impact on overall productivity of herds. Since the 1960s, chemotherapy is the principal means of nematode control. However, the emergence of resistance of strongyles to chemical anthelmintics has become a widespread phenomenon in the world. These factors led the search to consider alternative solutions to fight against GI parasites of ruminants. This thesis is part of the scientific program of the INRA - URZ unit on multicriteria evaluation of plant resources and integrated management against GI parasites of ruminants. Integrated management combines several control methods including herbal medicines. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the nematicidal activity of some plant resources against the Haemonchus contortus digestive strongyles, and secondly to characterize the chemical class responsible for the activity and then to explain the mode of action. In a first part , a literature survey of plant resources available in the Antilles - Guyane for health use has been made. This has shown that these regions have a veritable arsenal of plants for a wide range of pathologies. A screening for in vitro egg hatching and larval development with the model H. contortus was then performed on 14 plants, all showed anthelmintic effect on at least one stage. The efficie ncy varies between 20% and 55% on the hatching of eggs, and 26% to 98% for larval development. In a second part , the 4 plants: Cucurbita moschata, Tabernaemontana citrifolia, Musa x paradisiaca and Manihot esculenta, were selected in relation to diversity in secondary metabolites of interest that they contain: condensed tannins, flavonoids, lkaloids, amino compounds, terpenoids, to carry out in vitro tests. The in vitro targeting the 4 key developmental stages: egg hatching, development of L1 to L2, L3 lar val migration and motility of adult worms. These plants have all shown a nematicidal action with variations depending on the stage, highlighting the specificity of the molecules with respect to parasitic stages. Thus, indole alkaloids act on the 4 stages, flavonoids and terpenoids affect the adult stage, while condensed tannins, amino compounds, flavonoids and terpenoids have an impact on the larval development. In a third part , both models banana (Musa x paradisiaca ) and cassava leaves ( Manihot esculenta) were evaluated in vivo . In addition to their potential nutritional and nematicidal effects, these two resources have the interest to allow recovery of co-products from agricultural crops. The involvement of condensed tannins from cassava was confirmed by the use of PEG as a specific inhibitor. Effects on the installation of infective larvae (only for cassava), on the fertility of female worms and on the larval development were observed (both plants). In conclusion, these studies show first, that plant resources are a real alternative to synthetic anthelmintics, and secondly, the interest to combine phytochemical knowledge with zootechnical knowledge, particularly in order to develop the concept of nutriceuticals. The solution for the control of GI strongyles by limiting the use of anthelminthic chemicals seems to be integrated management, with a multi-criteria approach in which the herbal take a share. For this it is necessary to standardize research on antiparasitic plants (in vitro methods, threshold values for the active antinutrutional factors). A comprehensive approach taking into account not only the antiparasitc potential, the immunomodulator potential and nutrition but also the economic criterion, would incorporate the best plant resources in livestock production systems in order to improve the level of production while reducing agricultural inputs

Effectiveness of several anthelmintics to control a Strongyloides sp. outbreak in Creole-de-Guadeloupe male kids aged 7 months

Notice à reprendre pas de clé UT au 03 Octobre 2018International audienceRoutine faecal examination of a herd of weaned male goats revealed heavy infections with gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS) and Strongyloides sp. Moxidectin (routinely dosed at 0.3 mg·kg−1, i.e., 1.5 times the sheep dose), although fully effective against GIS, failed to control Strongyloides sp., with an estimated faecal egg count reduction (FECR) of only 55.5%. In addition, levamisole (11.25 mg·kg−1) and ivermectin (0.3 mg·kg−1) also failed to control Strongyloides sp., with FECRs of 1.4% and 53.5%, respectively. On the other hand, albendazole (7.5 mg·kg−1) and netobimin (11.25 mg·kg−1 and 22.5 mg·kg−1) reduced by 96.3–99.9% the Strongyloides sp. faecal egg counts according to dose and remained effective, although, in the past, this drug family has been used extensively on the same farm and was no longer effective against GIS. Albendazole or netobimin at 3 times the dose for sheep may be effective for Strongyloides sp. control in case of severe infection

In vitro effects of Musa x paradisiaca extracts on four developmental stages of Haemonchus contortus

International audienceThis study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro effect of Musa x paradisiaca stem and leaf against the parasitic nematode of small ruminants Haemonchus contortus. Three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and/or dichloromethane) of Musa x paradisiaca stem and leaf were tested in vitro on four developmental stages of H. contortus using egg hatch assay (ERA), larval development assay (LDA), 13 migration inhibition assay (LMI) and adult worm motility assay (AWM). The highly significant (P 67% for each extract) and the negative effect of the dichloromethane extract of leaf on adult worm motility (43% of inhibition of motility after 24 h of incubation) compared to the negative controls, suggest anthelmintic properties of Musa x paradisiaca stem and leaf against H. contortus. The active principles responsible for the activity could be secondary metabolites such as terpenoid and flavonoid compounds present in the leaf and stem of the plant

In vitro effects of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf extracts on four development stages of Haemonchus contortus

International audienceThree extracts (aqueous, methanolic and dichloromethane) of Manihot esculenta (Cassava) leaf were tested in vitro on four development stages of Haemonchus contortus using egg hatch assay (EHA), larval development assay (LDA), L3 migration inhibition assay (LMI) and adult worm motility assay (AWM). Compared to the negative control, significant effects (P < 0.0001) were observed for the methanolic extract of leaf against larval development (57.6% ±7.6), with a dose dependent effect. These results suggest that Cassava possess anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. The active principles responsible for the activity could be the terpenoids and condensed tannin compounds present in the leaf