1,889 research outputs found
Tough Pill to Swallow: Whether Catholic Institutions are Obligated under Title VII to Cover Their Employees’ Prescription Contraceptives
Optimisation of confinement in a fusion reactor using a nonlinear turbulence model
The confinement of heat in the core of a magnetic fusion reactor is optimised
using a multidimensional optimisation algorithm. For the first time in such a
study, the loss of heat due to turbulence is modelled at every stage using
first-principles nonlinear simulations which accurately capture the turbulent
cascade and large-scale zonal flows. The simulations utilise a novel approach,
with gyrofluid treatment of the small-scale drift waves and gyrokinetic
treatment of the large-scale zonal flows. A simple near-circular equilibrium
with standard parameters is chosen as the initial condition. The figure of
merit, fusion power per unit volume, is calculated, and then two control
parameters, the elongation and triangularity of the outer flux surface, are
varied, with the algorithm seeking to optimise the chosen figure of merit. A
two-fold increase in the plasma power per unit volume is achieved by moving to
higher elongation and strongly negative triangularity.Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures, accepted to JP
Lower Limits on Aperture Size for an ExoEarth-Detecting Coronagraphic Mission
The yield of Earth-like planets will likely be a primary science metric for
future space-based missions that will drive telescope aperture size. Maximizing
the exoEarth candidate yield is therefore critical to minimizing the required
aperture. Here we describe a method for exoEarth candidate yield maximization
that simultaneously optimizes, for the first time, the targets chosen for
observation, the number of visits to each target, the delay time between
visits, and the exposure time of every observation. This code calculates both
the detection time and multi-wavelength spectral characterization time required
for planets. We also refine the astrophysical assumptions used as inputs to
these calculations, relying on published estimates of planetary occurrence
rates as well as theoretical and observational constraints on terrestrial
planet sizes and classical habitable zones. Given these astrophysical
assumptions, optimistic telescope and instrument assumptions, and our new
completeness code that produces the highest yields to date, we suggest lower
limits on the aperture size required to detect and characterize a
statistically-motivated sample of exoEarths.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ; 38 pages, 16 Figures, 3 Table
Infiltrative microgliosis: activation and long-distance migration of subependymal microglia following periventricular insults
BACKGROUND: Subventricular microglia (SVMs) are positioned at the interface of the cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchyma and may play a role in periventricular inflammatory reactions. However, SVMs have not been previously investigated in detail due to the lack of a specific methodology for their study exclusive of deeper parenchymal microglia. METHODS: We have developed and characterized a novel model for the investigation of subventricular microglial reactions in mice using intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of high-dose rhodamine dyes. Dynamic studies using timelapse confocal microscopy in situ complemented the histopathological analysis. RESULTS: We demonstrate that high-dose ICV rhodamine dye injection resulted in selective uptake by the ependyma and ependymal death within hours. Phagocytosis of ependymal debris by activated SVMs was evident by 1d as demonstrated by the appearance of rhodamine-positive SVMs. In the absence of further manipulation, labelled SVMs remained in the subventricular space. However, these cells exhibited the ability to migrate several hundred microns into the parenchyma towards a deafferentation injury of the hippocampus. This "infiltrative microgliosis" was verified in situ using timelapse confocal microscopy. Finally, supporting the disease relevance of this event, the triad of ependymal cell death, SVM activation, and infiltrative microgliosis was recapitulated by a single ICV injection of HIV-1 tat protein. CONCLUSIONS: Subependymal microglia exhibit robust activation and migration in periventricular inflammatory responses. Further study of this population of microglia may provide insight into neurological diseases with tendencies to involve the ventricular system and periventricular tissues
Additional application of the NASCAP code. Volume 1: NASCAP extension
The NASCAP computer program comprehensively analyzes problems of spacecraft charging. Using a fully three dimensional approach, it can accurately predict spacecraft potentials under a variety of conditions. Several changes were made to NASCAP, and a new code, NASCAP/LEO, was developed. In addition, detailed studies of several spacecraft-environmental interactions and of the SCATHA spacecraft were performed. The NASCAP/LEO program handles situations of relatively short Debye length encountered by large space structures or by any satellite in low earth orbit (LEO)
Additional application of the NASCAP code. Volume 2: SEPS, ion thruster neutralization and electrostatic antenna model
The interactions of spacecraft systems with the surrounding plasma environment were studied analytically for three cases of current interest: calculating the impact of spacecraft generated plasmas on the main power system of a baseline solar electric propulsion stage (SEPS), modeling the physics of the neutralization of an ion thruster beam by a plasma bridge, and examining the physical and electrical effects of orbital ambient plasmas on the operation of an electrostatically controlled membrane mirror. In order to perform these studies, the NASA charging analyzer program (NASCAP) was used as well as several other computer models and analytical estimates. The main result of the SEPS study was to show how charge exchange ion expansion can create a conducting channel between the thrusters and the solar arrays. A fluid-like model was able to predict plasma potentials and temperatures measured near the main beam of an ion thruster and in the vicinity of a hollow cathode neutralizer. Power losses due to plasma currents were shown to be substantial for several proposed electrostatic antenna designs
Commissioning and performance results of the WFIRST/PISCES integral field spectrograph
The Prototype Imaging Spectrograph for Coronagraphic Exoplanet Studies
(PISCES) is a high contrast integral field spectrograph (IFS) whose design was
driven by WFIRST coronagraph instrument requirements. We present commissioning
and operational results using PISCES as a camera on the High Contrast Imaging
Testbed at JPL. PISCES has demonstrated ability to achieve high contrast
spectral retrieval with flight-like data reduction and analysis techniques.Comment: Author's copy - Proceedings of SPIE Volume 10400. Citation to SPIE
proceedings volume will be added when availabl
Habitability of exoplanetary systems with planets observed in transit
(Shortened) We have used the measured properties of the stars in the 79
exoplanetary systems with one or more planets that have been observed in
transit, to estimate each system's present habitability. The measured stellar
properties have been used to determine the present location of the classical
habitable zone (HZ). To establish habitability we use the estimated distances
from the giant planet(s) within which an Earth-like planet would be inside the
gravitational reach of the giant. Of the 79 transiting systems known in April
2010, only 2 do not offer safe havens to Earth-like planets in the HZ, and thus
could not support life today. We have also estimated whether habitability is
possible for 1.7 Gyr into the past i.e. 0.7 Gyr for a heavy bombardment, plus
1.0 Gyr for life to emerge and thus be present today. We find that, for the
best estimate of each stellar age, an additional 28 systems do not offer such
sustained habitability. If we reduce 1.7 Gyr to 1.0 Gyr this number falls to
22. However, if giant planets orbiting closer to the star than the inner
boundary of the HZ, have got there by migration through the HZ, and if this
ruled out the subsequent formation of Earth-like planets, then, of course, none
of the presently known transiting exoplanetary systems offers habitability.
Fortunately, this bleak conclusion could well be wrong. As well as obtaining
results on the 79 transiting systems, this paper demonstrates a method for
determining the habitability of the cornucopia of such systems that will surely
be discovered over the next few years.Comment: 20 pages, 2 Figures, 4 Tables. Accepted for publication by MNRA
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