European Space Agency experiments on thermodiffusion of fluid mixtures in space

Abstract.: This paper describes the European Space Agency (ESA) experiments devoted to study thermodiffusion of fluid mixtures in microgravity environment, where sedimentation and convection do not affect the mass flow induced by the Soret effect. First, the experiments performed on binary mixtures in the IVIDIL and GRADFLEX experiments are described. Then, further experiments on ternary mixtures and complex fluids performed in DCMIX and planned to be performed in the context of the NEUF-DIX project are presented. Finally, multi-component mixtures studied in the SCCO project are detailed

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Mass Diffusion and Thermal Diffusivity of the Decane-pentane Mixture Under High Pressure as a Ground-based Study for SCCO Project

ACLInternational audienceThermodiffusion experiments on isomassic binary mixture of decane and pentane in the liquid phase have been performed between 25 ∘C and 50 ∘C and for pressures from 1MPa until 20MPa. By dynamic analysis of the light scattered by concentration non-equilibrium fluctuations in the binary mixture we obtained the mass diffusion coefficients of the mixture at each temperature and pressure. For the first time we were able to apply similar analysis to thermal fluctuations thus getting a simultaneous measurement of the thermal diffusivity coefficient. While mass diffusion coefficients decrease linearly with the pressure, thermal diffusivity coefficients increase linearly. In principle the proposed method can be used also for measuring the Soret coefficients at the same time. However, for the present mixture the intensity of the optical signal is limited by the optical contrast factor. This affects our capability of providing a reliable estimate of the Soret coefficient by means of dynamic Shadowgraph. Therefore the mass diffusion coefficients measurements would need to be combined with independent measurements of the thermodiffusion coefficients, e.g. thermogravitational column, to provide Soret coefficients. The obtained values constitute the on-ground reference measurements for one of the mixture studied in the frame of the project SCCO-SJ10, which aims to measure the Soret coefficients of multicomponents mixtures under reservoir conditions. Microgravity experiments will be performed on the Chinese satellite SJ10 launched in April 2016. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Separation stability in binary mixtures with negative Soret numbers

In the present work, by using a paralelepipedic thermogravitational microcolumn, the temperature gradient influence on the stability of the flow was or has been examined, emphasizing mixtures with negative Soret coefficients. Experiments and numerical analysis were conducted for DCMIX2 Toulene-Methanol binary subsystem. This binary subsystem has a broad range of negative Soret values for low concentrations of Methanol which was analysed. Two different concentrations have been studied in order to confirm existence of temporal stability windows of those mixtures. Experiments were compared with numerical simulations conducted in open source software OpenFOAM, for both cases

A comprehensive study of diffusion, thermodiffusion, and Soret coefficients of water-isopropanol mixtures

We report on the measurement of diffusion (D), thermodiffusion (D T), and Soret (S T) coefficients in water-isopropanol mixtures by three different instrumental techniques: thermogravitational column in combination with sliding symmetric tubes, optical beam deflection, and optical digital interferometry. All the coefficients have been measured over the full concentration range. Results from different instruments are in excellent agreement over a broad overlapping composition (water mass fraction) range 0.2 ≤ c ≤ 0.7, providing new reliable benchmark data. Comparison with microgravity measurements (SODI/IVIDIL (Selected Optical Diagnostic Instrument/Influence of VIbration on DIffusion in Liquids)) onboard the International Space Station and with literature data (where available) generally gives a good agreement. Contrary to theoretical predictions and previous experimental expectations we have not observed a second sign change of S T at low water concentrations. © 2012 American Institute of Physics.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Influence of the test-chamber shape on the performance of conductometric gas sensors

In this article, CFD simulations results are presented as a key tool to the comprehension of the target gas con- centration evolution in a test chamber, at different working conditions. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, which shows a qualitative good correlation with the evolution of the concentration gradient detected. The experiments were carried out using an aluminum gas test chamber, where a WO3 based conductometric sensor is introduced. The results demonstrate how the response time is dependent on the sensor working conditions. Analyzing the CFD and experimental results, some assumptions for this behavior are proposed. The WO3 sensor needs a Pt heating element, which is heated up to 300 ◦C. As the response is highly temperature-dependent, the temperature distribution on the sensor surface was measured by an IR thermo- graphic camera. The simulation results show that the temperature distribution matches with those obtained experimentally. To validate the model, a mesh and time step convergence study was also implemente

Influence of the test-chamber shape on the performance of conductometric gas sensors

In this article, CFD simulations results are presented as a key tool to the comprehension of the target gas con- centration evolution in a test chamber, at different working conditions. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data, which shows a qualitative good correlation with the evolution of the concentration gradient detected. The experiments were carried out using an aluminum gas test chamber, where a WO3 based conductometric sensor is introduced. The results demonstrate how the response time is dependent on the sensor working conditions. Analyzing the CFD and experimental results, some assumptions for this behavior are proposed. The WO3 sensor needs a Pt heating element, which is heated up to 300 ◦C. As the response is highly temperature-dependent, the temperature distribution on the sensor surface was measured by an IR thermo- graphic camera. The simulation results show that the temperature distribution matches with those obtained experimentally. To validate the model, a mesh and time step convergence study was also implemente