61 research outputs found
Non-prescription dispensing of emergency oral contraceptives: Recommendations from the German Federal Chamber of Pharmacists [Bundesapothekerkammer].
BACKGROUND: Emergency hormonal contraceptives (EHC) are contraceptives used to prevent unintended pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse (USI) or contraceptive failure. The EHCs available without a prescription include medicines containing levonorgestrel (LNG) in more than 80 countries and, recently, based on an EU-switch ellaOne®, which contains ulipristal acetate (UPA). EHCs work by stopping or delaying ovulation. Those containing LNG can be used up to 72 hours after USI or contraceptive failure, while UPA can be used up to 120 hours. In the context of the UPA implementation process, Germany switched LNG to non-prescription status as well. OBJECTIVES: To develop recommendations, a protocol, and a continuing education program for pharmacists to assure quality when giving advice and dispensing EHCs in community pharmacies without a medical prescription. METHODS: The recommendations were developed by an iterative process of drafting, recognizing, and discussing comments and proposals for amendments as well a seeking agreement with a number of stakeholders such as the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG), Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Federal Chamber of Physicians (BÄK), Drug Commission of German Physicians (AkdÄ), professional organizations/associations of gynaecologists, pharmaceutical OTC-industry as well as government-controlled, private, and church-based organizations and centres providing advice on sex education and family planning. RESULTS: The recommendations were eventually endorsed by the BMG in consultation with the BfArM. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations were made public, published in the professional journal and used in an uncounted number of continuing education programs based on the curriculum and provided by the State Chambers of Pharmacists
Electric/magnetic duality for chiral gauge theories with anomaly cancellation
We show that 4D gauge theories with Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation and
possible generalized Chern-Simons terms admit a formulation that is manifestly
covariant with respect to electric/magnetic duality transformations. This
generalizes previous work on the symplectically covariant formulation of
anomaly-free gauge theories as they typically occur in extended supergravity,
and now also includes general theories with (pseudo-)anomalous gauge
interactions as they may occur in global or local N=1 supersymmetry. This
generalization is achieved by relaxing the linear constraint on the embedding
tensor so as to allow for a symmetric 3-tensor related to electric and/or
magnetic quantum anomalies in these theories. Apart from electric and magnetic
gauge fields, the resulting Lagrangians also feature two-form fields and can
accommodate various unusual duality frames as they often appear, e.g., in
string compactifications with background fluxes.Comment: 37 pages; v2: typos corrected and 1 reference adde
Gauging the Full R-Symmetry Group in Five-dimensional, N=2 Yang-Mills/Einstein/tensor Supergravity
We show that certain five dimensional, N=2 Yang-Mills/Einstein supergravity
theories admit the gauging of the full R-symmetry group, SU(2)_R, of the
underlying N=2 Poincare superalgebra. This generalizes the previously studied
Abelian gaugings of U(1)_R subgroup of SU(2)_R and completes the construction
of the most general vector and tensor field coupled five dimensional N=2
supergravity theories with gauge interactions. The gauging of SU(2)_R turns out
to be possible only in special cases, and leads to a new type of scalar
potential. For a large class of these theories the potential does not have any
critical points.Comment: Latex file, 15 pages ; section two is split in two and the discussion
of the critical points is moved into the new section. Version to appear in
Physical Review
The Gauging of Five-dimensional, N=2 Maxwell-Einstein Supergravity Theories coupled to Tensor Multiplets
We study the general gaugings of N=2 Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories
(MESGT) in five dimensions, extending and generalizing previous work. The
global symmetries of these theories are of the form SU(2)_R X G, where SU(2)_R
is the R-symmetry group of the N=2 Poincare superalgebra and G is the group of
isometries of the scalar manifold that extend to symmetries of the full action.
We first gauge a subgroup K of G by turning some of the vector fields into
gauge fields of K while dualizing the remaining vector fields into tensor
fields transforming in a non-trivial representation of K. Surprisingly, we find
that the presence of tensor fields transforming non-trivially under the
Yang-Mills gauge group leads to the introduction of a potential which does not
admit an AdS ground state. Next we give the simultaneous gauging of the U(1)_R
subgroup of SU(2)_R and a subgroup K of G in the presence of K-charged tensor
multiplets. The potential introduced by the simultaneous gauging is the sum of
the potentials introduced by gauging K and U(1)_R separately. We present a list
of possible gauge groups K and the corresponding representations of tensor
fields. For the exceptional supergravity we find that one can gauge the SO^*(6)
subgroup of the isometry group E_{6(-26)} of the scalar manifold if one
dualizes 12 of the vector fields to tensor fields just as in the gauged N=8
supergravity.Comment: Latex file, 23 page
Novel supermultiplets of SU(2,2|4) and the AdS_5/CFT_4 duality
We continue our study of the unitary supermultiplets of the N=8, d=5 anti-de
Sitter (AdS_5) superalgebra SU(2,2|4), which is also the N=4 extended conformal
superalgebra in d=4. We show explicitly how to go from the compact
SU(2)XSU(2)XU(1) basis to the non-compact SL(2,C)XD basis of the positive
energy unitary representations of the conformal group SU(2,2) in d=4. The
doubleton representations of the AdS_5 group SU(2,2), which do not have a
smooth Poincare limit in d=5, are shown to represent fields with vanishing
masses in four dimensional Minkowski space. The unique CPT self-conjugate
irreducible doubleton supermultiplet of SU(2,2|4)is simply the N=4 Yang-Mills
supermultiplet in d=4. We study some novel short non-doubleton supermultiplets
of SU(2,2|4) that have spin range 2 and that do not appear in the Kaluza-Klein
spectrum of type IIB supergravity or in tensor products of the N=4 Yang-Mills
supermultiplet with itself. These novel supermultiplets can be obtained from
tensoring chiral doubleton supermultiplets, some of which we expect to be
related to the massless limits of 1/4 BPS states. Hence, these novel
supermultiplets may be relevant to the solitonic sector of IIB superstring
and/or (p,q) superstrings over AdS_5 X S^5.Comment: Minor modifications to clarify the role of central charge and the
outer automorphism group U(1)_Y in the representation theory of SU(2,2|4);
typos corrected; 28 pages; Late
Unified Maxwell-Einstein and Yang-Mills-Einstein Supergravity Theories in Five Dimensions
Unified N=2 Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories (MESGTs) are supergravity
theories in which all the vector fields, including the graviphoton, transform
in an irreducible representation of a simple global symmetry group of the
Lagrangian. As was established long time ago, in five dimensions there exist
only four unified Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories whose target manifolds
are symmetric spaces. These theories are defined by the four simple Euclidean
Jordan algebras of degree three. In this paper, we show that, in addition to
these four unified MESGTs with symmetric target spaces, there exist three
infinite families of unified MESGTs as well as another exceptional one. These
novel unified MESGTs are defined by non-compact (Minkowskian) Jordan algebras,
and their target spaces are in general neither symmetric nor homogeneous. The
members of one of these three infinite families can be gauged in such a way as
to obtain an infinite family of unified N=2 Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity
theories, in which all vector fields transform in the adjoint representation of
a simple gauge group of the type SU(N,1). The corresponding gaugings in the
other two infinite families lead to Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity theories
coupled to tensor multiplets.Comment: Latex 2e, 28 pages. v2: reference added, footnote 14 enlarge
4D Doubleton Conformal Theories, CPT and IIB String on AdS_5 X S^5
We study the unitary supermultiplets of the N=8, d=5 anti-de Sitter (AdS)
superalgebra SU(2,2|4) which is the symmetry algebra of the IIB string theory
on AdS_5 X S^5. We give a complete classification of the doubleton
supermultiplets of SU(2,2|4) which do not have a Poincare limit and correspond
to d=4 conformal field theories (CFT) living on the boundary of AdS_5. The CPT
self-conjugate irreducible doubleton supermultiplet corresponds to d=4, N = 4
super Yang-Mills theory. The other irreducible doubleton supermultiplets come
in CPT conjugate pairs. The maximum spin range of the general doubleton
supermultiplets is 2. In particular, there exists a CPT conjugate pair of
doubleton supermultiplets corresponding to the fields of N=4 conformal
supergravity in d=4 which can be coupled to N=4 super Yang-Mills theory in d=4.
We also study the "massless" supermultiplets of SU(2,2|4) which can be obtained
by tensoring two doubleton supermultiplets. The CPT self-conjugate "massless"
supermultiplet is the N=8 graviton supermultiplet in AdS_5. The other
"massless" supermultiplets generally come in conjugate pairs and can have
maximum spin range of 4. We discuss the implications of our results for the
conjectured CFT/AdS dualities.Comment: An erratum attached at the end to correct an incorrect statement in
section 7; 34 pages, Latex fil
Unified N=2 Maxwell-Einstein and Yang-Mills-Einstein Supergravity Theories in Four Dimensions
We study unified N=2 Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories (MESGTs) and
unified Yang-Mills Einstein supergravity theories (YMESGTs) in four dimensions.
As their defining property, these theories admit the action of a global or
local symmetry group that is (i) simple, and (ii) acts irreducibly on all the
vector fields of the theory, including the ``graviphoton''. Restricting
ourselves to the theories that originate from five dimensions via dimensional
reduction, we find that the generic Jordan family of MESGTs with the scalar
manifolds [SU(1,1)/U(1)] X [SO(2,n)/SO(2)X SO(n)] are all unified in four
dimensions with the unifying global symmetry group SO(2,n). Of these theories
only one can be gauged so as to obtain a unified YMESGT with the gauge group
SO(2,1). Three of the four magical supergravity theories defined by simple
Euclidean Jordan algebras of degree 3 are unified MESGTs in four dimensions.
Two of these can furthermore be gauged so as to obtain 4D unified YMESGTs with
gauge groups SO(3,2) and SO(6,2), respectively. The generic non-Jordan family
and the theories whose scalar manifolds are homogeneous but not symmetric do
not lead to unified MESGTs in four dimensions. The three infinite families of
unified five-dimensional MESGTs defined by simple Lorentzian Jordan algebras,
whose scalar manifolds are non-homogeneous, do not lead directly to unified
MESGTs in four dimensions under dimensional reduction. However, since their
manifolds are non-homogeneous we are not able to completely rule out the
existence of symplectic sections in which these theories become unified in four
dimensions.Comment: 47 pages; latex fil
The R-map and the Coupling of N=2 Tensor Multiplets in 5 and 4 Dimensions
We study the dimensional reduction of five dimensional N=2
Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity theories (YMESGT) coupled to tensor
multiplets. The resulting 4D theories involve first order interactions among
tensor and vector fields with mass terms. If the 5D gauge group, K, does not
mix the 5D tensor and vector fields, the 4D tensor fields can be integrated out
in favor of 4D vector fields and the resulting theory is dual to a standard 4D
YMESGT. The gauge group has a block diagonal symplectic embedding and is a
semi-direct product of the 5D gauge group K with a Heisenberg group of
dimension (2P+1), where 2P is the number of tensor fields in five dimensions.
There exists an infinite family of theories, thus obtained, whose gauge groups
are pp-wave contractions of the simple noncompact groups of type SO*(2M). If,
on the other hand, the 5D gauge group does mix the 5D tensor and vector fields,
the resulting 4D theory is dual to a 4D YMESGT whose gauge group does, in
general,NOT have a block diagonal symplectic embedding and involves additional
topological terms. The scalar potentials of the dimensionally reduced theories
naturally have some of the ingredients that were found necessary for stable de
Sitter ground states. We comment on the relation between the known 5D and 4D,
N=2 supergravities with stable de Sitter ground states.Comment: 42 pages;latex fil
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