Djelovanje TMB-4 na akutno letalno trovanje miševa antikolinesterazama

Poziomek, Hackley and Steinberg (1958) and, independently, Hobbiger, O\u27Sullivan and Sadler (1958) have recently described a series of NN\u27-polymethylenebis(4-hydroxyiminomethyl-pyridinium) compounds, which are potent reactivators of cholinesterases inhibited by organophosphate antichobinesterases. The most effective compound in this series NN\u27-trimethylenebis( 4-hydroxyimino-methyl-pyridinium bromide) (TMB-4) was reported to be an effective agent in protecting animals from the lethal poisoning by methylphosphorofluoridate (SARIN), DFP and TEPP (Bay, Krop and Yates, 1958; Berry, Davies and Green, 1959; Hobbig er and Sadler, 1959). In this paper additional experiments are described, carried out to estimate the antagonism of TMB-4 toward some other organo-P-compounds. A number of specific nonphosphorus anticholinesterases are included as well.TMB-4 pokazao se uspješnim u zaštiti miševa, koji su otrovani Ietalnim dozama paraoksona, parationa, metasistoksa, neostigmina, eserina, a djelomično i R0-2-1250, dimefoksa i ditereksa. Njegovo djelovanje, međutim, ne pruža dovoljnu zaštitu miševa otrovanih OMPA-om i BW284C51

Analysis of periictal vegetative signs characteristics of the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsies

Cilj: Vegetativni znaci tokom epileptičkih napada (periiktalni vegetativni znaci, PIVZ), predstavljaju prirodni eksperiment koji pruža jedinstven uvid u funkcionisanje ljudskog autonomnog nervnog sistema. Iako vegetativni znaci kod epilepsija nisu retki i mogu čak dominirati kliničkom slikom napada, ove manifestacije se često previde. Glavni cilj našeg istraživanja bio je da se analizira značaj PIVZ za lokalizaciju i lateralizaciju epileptogene zone kod pacijenata sa fokalnom farmakorezistentnom epilepsijom koji su podvrgnuti prehirurškom ispitivanju. Metodologija: Analizirali smo video-EEG zapise kod 170 bolesnika (82 muškarca i 88 žena), starosti 13-66 godina (34,67 ±11,10; Med=35,00) sa farmakorezisetntnom fokalnom epilepsijom. Svi pacijenti su prošli kompletno prehirurško ispitivanje u Centru za epilepsije u Beogradu, koje se sastojalo od višednevne neinvazivne video-EEG telemetrije, snimanja nuklearnom magnetnom rezonancom, interiktalne pozitronske emisione tomografije fluorodeoksiglukozom i interiktalne i/ili iktalne HMPAO jednofotonske emisione kompijuterizovane tomografije. Dijagnoza fokalnog epileptičkog sindroma je postavljena na osnovu korelacije kliničkih karakteristika napada, iktalnih EEG nalaza i neuroradioloških nalaza. Dominantnost hemisfere kod svakog pacijenta je odredjena na osnovu Edinbruškog testa za dominantnost ruke, neuropsihološke procene i funkcionalne nukelarne magnetne rezonance gde je bilo neophodno. Kod svih bolesnika smo analizirali video zapis kliničke semiologije napada sa ciljem odredjivanja učestalosti javljanja i tipova PIVZ kod fokalnih epilepsija, njihovog lokalizacionog značaja za epilepsije temporalnog režnja (TLE) vs. ekstratemporalne epilepsije (ETLE) i njihovog lateralizacionog značaja (epilepsija nedominantne vs. dominantne hemisfere). Takodje smo analizirali evoluciju vegetativnih simptoma (epigastrična aura, AE) u neki od PIVZ i njen prediktivni značaj za dijagnozu mezijalne temporalne epilepsije (MTLE). Rezultati: Uočili smo deset različitih tipova PIVZ kod 69 od ukupno 170 bolesnika (40%). Najčešći PIVZ su bili postiktalno brisanje nosa (28,8%) i periiktalni kašalj (12,9%). Pokazali smo da su PIVZ pouzdan lokalizacioni znak za TLE vs. ETLE (50,0% vs. 23,2%; p=0,001). Najvažniji lokalizacioni znaci su bili postiktalno brisanje nosa (p=0,008), periiktalno pijenje vode (p=0,035) i hipersalivacija (p=0,048). Takodje smo našli da je pojava PIVZ češća kod bolesnika sa epilepsijom nedominantne hemisfere, posebno kod bolesnika sa MTLE, ali ova razlika nije dostigla punu statističku značajnost (64,3% vs. 47,1%; p=0,175). Kod bolesnika sa evolucijom EA u neki od PIVZ, verovatnoća za MTLE je bila veoma visoka (96,77%)...Purpose: Vegetative signs during epileptic seizures (periictal vegetative signs, PIVS) represent an experiment of nature that provides a unique window on the functioning of the human autonomic nervous system. Although vegetative manifestations of epilepsy are not rare, and may even overshadow other semiological signs, these manifestations are frequently overlooked. The main purpose of our investigation was to analyze localization and lateralization value of PIVS for the epileptogenic zone in patients with focal pharmacoresistant epilepsies who were undergone presurgical evaluation. Methodology: We analyzed video-EEG recordings of 170 patients (82 men and 88 women), age ranged 13-66 years (mean 34.67 ±11.10; Med=35.00) with medically intractable focal epilepsy. All of the patients underwent a complete presurgical evaluation in the Belgrade Epilepsy Center, comprising long-term noninvasive video-EEG telemetry, magnetic resonance imaging, interictal fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and interictal and/or ictal HMPAO single-photon emission computed tomography. The diagnosis of lobar epilepsy was established according to the correlation of clinical seizure semiology, ictal EEG findings and neuroradiology findings. The hemisphere dominance was determined according to the Edinburgh handedness inventory, neuropsychological assessment and functional magnetic resonance imaging for speech lateralization when needed. In all patients we analyzed video recordings of clinical seizure semiology in order to determine the frequency and types of PIVS in focal epilepsies, their localizing value for temporal lobe epilepsies (TLE) vs. extratemporal lobe epilepsies (ETLE), and their lateralizing value (seizures from nondominant vs. dominant hemisphere). We also evaluated the evolution of seizure semiology from vegetative symptoms (epigastric aura, EA) to PIVS and it's predictive value for the diagnosis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Results: Ten different types of PIVS occurred in 69 of the 170 patients (40%). The most frequent PIVS were postictal nose rubbing (28.8%) and periictal cough (12.9%). We found PIVS were reliable localizing signs for TLE vs. ETLE (50.0% vs. 23.2%; p=0.001). The most valuable localizing signs were postictal nose rubbing (p=0.008), periictal water drinking (p=0.035) and hypersalivation (p=0.048). We also found the occurence of PIVS more common among the patients with nondominant hemisphere epilepsy, especially in patients with MTLE, but this difference was not statistically significant (64.3% vs. 47.1%; p=0.175). In patients with EA evolving into any other PIVS, the probability of MTLE was extremely high (96.77%)..

Bankoosiguranje - nova mogućnost razvoja sektora finansijskih usluga u Republici Srbiji

Banking and insurance are two inseparably connected components of the financial services sector. In modern economy, which was especially evident in the 1990s in the previous century, the model of integrated cooperation between banks and insurance companies in the market has been increasingly apparent, and it can be perceived in the action of providing banking and insurance services simultaneously, through the model of bancassurance. This type of distribution, in most cases, implies the creation of specifically created product of life and non-life insurance specialized to be sold through the network of banking. Manifestations of bancаssurance are different from country to country and vary depending on the legal restrictions that apply to this sales channel. Bancassurance has numerous benefits in the times when competition at the financial market is at its highest, for banks as for the insurance companies. Mutual benefits can be seen through:the increase of sale/profit,expending the client list,maintaining the clients as well as,improvement of offer through creation of new products according to client’s structure and needs. Serbian insurance market is expected to experience growth in the following period, and with it the competition will like wise increase, as the number of insurance companies has been in constant growth. There is already a great competition between a large number of banks in the financial sector. Everything previously mentioned will condition the inevitable integration of banks and insurance companies in order to avoid the loss of clients. Previous results of the implementation of bancassurance in Republic of Serbia were a consequence of banks’ low interest in the further development of this mode of sale. This was conditioned by the fact that the structure of their profit was still dominated by the income based predominantly on interest. On the other hand, insurance companies base the sale of their product mainly on the traditional mode of sale. However, in the coming period, in accordance with global trends, it is expected a significant reduction in interest margins. This will affect the higher direction of commercial banks in the Republic of Serbia to the development of those types of services that will contribute to the increase in income from fees and commissions. This work is a presentation of the notion, development of bancassurance, strategy for approaching this mode of product distribution, distributional modes, operative procedures of bancassurance, the importance of motivation of bancassurance partakers, as well as the position of bancassurance in the world – comparative analysis. This work contains a representation of the legal acts of the Republic of Serbia as the basis for the introduction of bancassurance and the current level of its development. On the basis of facts obtained from research and analyzes conducted, the final result is displayed bancassurance model in the Republic of Serbia whose implementation can be concluded the largest number of life insurance policies (according to world experience), with a significant reduction in the administrative costs of insurance companies using the sales network of the bank and its customer base . The application of the model would imply a long-term benefit for banks, insurance companies, customers in the form of an integrated supply of financial services, but also the country as a whole. The development of bancassurance is closely linked with the growth of the insurance market. In that sense, this sales channel can become a driving force for further development of the financial services sector in the Republic of Serbia, having in mind the broader significance of the increase in the number of beneficiaries of life insurance brings one country

Djelovanje mono-kvaternernih i bis-kvaternernih piridinijumskih oksima na akutnu toksičnost i antiholinesterazno djelovanje karbarila, dioksakarba i karbofurana

The acute toxicities of insecticidal carbamates (Dioxacarb, Carbaryl and Carbofuran) were determined in mice by s. c. or i. p. injection, both in the absence and in the presence of atropine and several pyridinium oximes. Atropine had a beneficial effect on the toxicity of all the three carbamates, while the oximes varied in their effects. In the case of Carbaryl all oximes used increased its toxicity, while in Dioxacarb and Carbofuran poisoning some of them were effective. It was found that the oximes do not influence the action of carbamates on the activity of serum cholinesterase in vitro, in a way which could explain their effect on the toxicity of these compounds. It is concluded, that the use of oximes is contraindicated in cases of intoxication with Carbaryl, Dioxacarb and Carbofuran.Ispitana je akutna toksičnost karbamatnih insekticida dioksarba, karbarila i karbofurana (LD-50) s. c. ili i. p., sa simultanom primjenom atropina ili bez nje i nekoliko piridinijumskih oksima. Atropin je pokazao povoljan efekat u trovanjima sa sva tri karbamata, dok je djelovanje oksima bilo različito. U trovanjima karbarilom i karbofuranom gotovo svi oksimi su potencirali njihovo toksično djelovanje, dok su u trovanju dioksakarbom neki bili djelotvorni. Oksimi ne utiču na inhibiciju holinesteraze in vitro ovim karbamatima na način kojim bi se moglo rastumačiti njihovo in vivo djelovanje. Na temelju eksperimenata je zaključena da je upotreba oksima u trovanju karbarilom, dioksakarbom i karbofuranom kontraindikovana

Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in Serbian blood donors

Introduction Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is rarely reported in industrialized countries, but recent studies have revealed quite variable seroprevalence rates among European populations, including blood donors. In Serbia, very limited data about HEV seroprevalence are available. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies and HEV RNA in the sera of volunteer blood donors in Serbia. Methodology Serum samples from 200 volunteer blood donors were tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using ORF-2 HEV genotype 3 recombinant proteins as antigen, and for the presence of HEV RNA by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results In total, 15% of the volunteer blood donors were seropositive. The prevalence increased with age; 21.5%, 14.2%, and 5.4% HEV seroprevalence rates were found in individuals older than 51 years, between 31 and 50 years, and in those younger than 30 years of age, respectively. However, no HEV RNA was detected in any of the individuals analyzed. Conclusions The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG among blood donors as representatives of the general population is quite high in Serbia compared to data from many European countries. One of the reasons for this could be the high prevalence of HEV among Serbian pigs and the traditional consumption of piglet meat in the country. The relatively high HEV seroprevalence found among Serbian blood donors indicates the need for further investigation. © 2014 Petrović et al

Eozinofilna upala u alergijskom rinitisu i nosnoj polipozi

On histopathological examination, nasal polyps and nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis show different forms of pseudostratified respiratory epithelium, whereas the dominant characteristic of lamina propria is an eosinophilic infiltration. The aim of this study was to compare interleukin (IL)-5 and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) levels in the nasal fluid of 42 patients: 12 with allergic rhinitis and nasal septal deviation, 17 non-atopic patients with nasal polyposis, and 13 atopic nasal polyp patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Nasal secretion samples were collected a few days before surgery. The levels of IL-5 were measured using fl ow cytometry and the ECP using a commercial ELISA kit. In addition, we counted eosinophils in hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections of all nasal polyp and all nasal mucosa samples taken from the inferior nasal turbinates during septoplasty. A significantly higher concentration of IL-5 was found in the nasal fluid of atopic patients with nasal polyposis than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p=0.025) and patients with allergic rhinitis (p=0.05). ECP was higher in atopic nasal polyp patients than in patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001) and than in non-atopic nasal polyp patients (p<0.0001). Polyp eosinophils were higher in atopic’ than in non-atopic patients (p<0.0001) and higher than in the mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001). These however had signifi cantly more mucosal eosinophils than was found in the polyps of non-atopic patients’ (p=0.025). ECP levels in nasal fl uid and eosinophil counts in tissue specimens correlated well in all three groups of patients. Our study has shown that atopic nasal polyp patients have a higher level of eosinophilic inflammation than non-atopic patients with nasal polyps and patients with allergic rhinitis.Na histopatološkim pregledima nosni polipi, kao i nosna sluznica u alergijskom rinitisu pokazuju različite oblike pseudoslojevitog respiracijskog epitela, dok je osnovna karakteristika lamine proprije infiltracija eozinofilima. Cilj ove studije bio je usporediti koncentracije interleukina 5 (IL-5) i eozinofilnoga kationskog proteina (ECP) u nosnome sekretu pacijenata s alergijskim rinitisom, neatopičnih i atopičnih pacijenata s nosnom polipozom, kao i usporediti broj eozinofi la u tkivu nosnih polipa/nosne sluznice ovih pacijenata. Četrdeset dvoje (n=42) pacijenata, 12-ero s alergijskim rinitisom i devijacijom nosnog septuma, 17-ero neatopičnih pacijenata s nosnom polipozom i 13-ero atopičnih pacijenata s nosnom polipozom bilo je uključeno u ovu presječnu studiju. Uzorci nosnog sekreta bili su skupljeni iz nosnih šupljina svih ispitanika nekoliko dana prije kirurškog liječenja. Koncentracije IL-5 mjerene su metodom protočne citometrije, dok su koncentracije ECP mjerene komercijalnim ELISA-kitom. Eozinofi li su brojeni u svim uzorcima tkiva nosnih polipa, kao i u svim uzorcima tkiva sluznice uzetih s donje nosne školjke tijekom septoplastike. Značajno više koncentracije IL-5 izmjerene su u nosnom sekretu atopičnih pacijenata s nosnom polipozom u usporedbi s neatopičnim pacijentima s nosnom polipozom (p=0,025) i pacijentima s alergijskim rinitisom (p=0,05). Naši su rezultati pokazali više koncentracije ECP u atopičnih pacijenata s nosnom polipozom nego u pacijenata s alergijskim rinitisom (p<0,0001) i u usporedbi s nealergičnim pacijentima s nosnom polipozom (p<0,0001). Veći broj eozinofi la izbrojen je u tkivu polipa atopičnih pacijenata nego u tkivu polipa neatopičnih pacijenata (p<0,0001), kao i u sluznici pacijenata s alergijskim rinitisom (p<0,0001). U nosnoj sluznici pacijenata s alergijskim rinitisom našli smo značajno veći broj eozinofila nego u polipima neatopičnih pacijenata s nosnim polipima (p=0,025). Konačno, našli smo pozitivnu korelaciju između nivoa ECP u nosnom sekretu i broja eozinofila u uzorcima tkiva u sve tri skupine ispitanika. Zaključili smo da atopični pacijenti s nosnom polipozom imaju viši stupanj eozinofilne upale u usporedbi s neatopičnim pacijentima s nosnim polipima i s pacijentima s alergijskim rinitisom

Zaštitni efekti nekih tercijarnih i kvartarnih antimuskarinika i oksima u pacova trovanih letalnim dozama metiletoksi-(2-dimetilaminoetiltio)-fosfinoksida (33 SN)

Protective effects of atropine sulphate, 3-quinuclidynil benzilate and their quarternary derivatives were investigated in rats poisoned by lethal doses of organopbosphorous anticholinesterase inhibitor methylethoxy-(2-dimethylaminoethyl thio) - phosphine oxide (33SN). It has been found that 33SN belongs to highly toxic anticholinesterase drugs and its LD50 value for rats (injected subcutaneously) is 0.018 mg/kg. Atropine sulphate, in a dose of 10.0 mg/kg i. p., or 3-quiniclidynil benzilate (5.0 mg/kg, i. p.) given in combination with TMB4 (10.0 mg/kg i. p.), protected rats poisoned by 50 LD50 of 33SN compound. Their quarternary derivatives, however, when given either alone or in combination with TMB4, were markedly less effective in protecting poisoned animals.U radu su proučavani zaštitni efekti atropin sulfata, 3-hinuklidin benzilata (BZ) i njihovih kvaternizovanih derivata u pacova trovanih višestrukim smrtonosnim dozama 33SN, antiholinesteraznog inhibitora, koji pripada grupi visokotoksičnih organofosfornih jedinjenja. Nađeno je da srednja smrtonosna doza ovog otrova pri supkutanom unošenju iznosi za pacova svega 0,018 mg/kg. Atropin sulfat u dozi od 10,0 mg/kg, ili BZ (5,0 mg/kg), kad se upotrebi u kombinaciji sa TMB4 (10,0 mg/kg), efikasno štiti trovane životinje i posle davanja 50 srednjih smrtonosnih doza jedinjenja 33SN. Suprotno atropinu i BZ, njihovi kvaternizovani derivati (atropin metilnitrat i metil-BZ) ispoljavaju znatno slabije zaštitne efekte u trovanih pacova bez obzira na to da li su davani pojedinačno ili u kombinaciji sa oksimom

Selection of the method for determination of oxime content in biological material

Opisana su tri postupka modifikacije Creasey-Green metode za određivanje sadržaja oksima u biološkom materijalu. Ispitivanja su vršena sa pet oksima: TMB-4Cl, LüH6-Cl, MMB-1Cl, PAM-2Cl i MINA. Koci svih pet oksima kao najbolja se pokazala izmena Creasey-Green metode u kojoj je 20% natrijumhidroksid zamenjen 25% amunijumhidroksidom. Kod ovog postupka oksimi su stabilniji (tablica 1), a i osetljivost metode je bolja (tablica 2). Zato se ovaj postupak predlaže za primenu.Three modifications of Creasey-Green\u27s method for determination of oxime content in biological material are described. The study comprised 5 oximes: TMB-4Cl, LüH6-Cl, MMB-1CI, PAM-2CI and MINA. For all the five oximes the modification of Creasey-Green\u27s method in which 2O per cent of sodium hydroxide was substituted for 25 per cent of ammonium hydroxide proved best. In this procedure both the stability of oximes (Table I) and the sensitivity of the method (Table 2) were higher than in the other two modifications. This modification is therefore recommended for use

Selection of the method for determination of oxime content in biological material

Opisana su tri postupka modifikacije Creasey-Green metode za određivanje sadržaja oksima u biološkom materijalu. Ispitivanja su vršena sa pet oksima: TMB-4Cl, LüH6-Cl, MMB-1Cl, PAM-2Cl i MINA. Koci svih pet oksima kao najbolja se pokazala izmena Creasey-Green metode u kojoj je 20% natrijumhidroksid zamenjen 25% amunijumhidroksidom. Kod ovog postupka oksimi su stabilniji (tablica 1), a i osetljivost metode je bolja (tablica 2). Zato se ovaj postupak predlaže za primenu.Three modifications of Creasey-Green\u27s method for determination of oxime content in biological material are described. The study comprised 5 oximes: TMB-4Cl, LüH6-Cl, MMB-1CI, PAM-2CI and MINA. For all the five oximes the modification of Creasey-Green\u27s method in which 2O per cent of sodium hydroxide was substituted for 25 per cent of ammonium hydroxide proved best. In this procedure both the stability of oximes (Table I) and the sensitivity of the method (Table 2) were higher than in the other two modifications. This modification is therefore recommended for use