The Effect of Feeding Programmes on Broiler Performance and Production Efficiency

The goal of the paper was to investigate the effect of feeding programmes with different protein levels on broiler performance and production efficiency. The research was conducted on 600 chicks of Cobb-500 and Ross-308 provenience, previously divided into four groups (by feeding treatments). The groups (treatments) differed in the type of mixture given in the starter period. The feeding programmes were, as follows: T1 (control group) – 23% protein mixture (Day 1 to Day 21); T2 - 23% protein mixture (Day 1 to Day 14), and 20% protein mixture (Day 14 to Day 21); T3 – 23% protein mixture (Day 1 to Day 7), and 20% protein mixture (Day 7 to Day 21); T4 - 20% protein mixture (Day 1 to Day 21). The chicks were given 20% protein mixture from Day 21 to Day 35, and 18% protein mixture from Day 35 to Day 42. A standard technology for chicken fattening was carried out. Production efficiency was determined by observing the ratio of the total cost and total revenue, i.e. profit per chick. From the value of the European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF), a summary indicator of production results, the authors came to a conclusion that T1 (control) group of the Cobb-500 and Ross-308 chicks had achieved higher EPEF than the experimental groups, whereby the values of T2 group were similar to the values of T1. The highest profit per chick was found for T1 group of Cobb-500 chicks and for T2 group of Ross-308 chicks. The research showed that a drastic protein reduction in the starter period had resulted in negative tendencies in the chicks of the both genotypes. From the aspect of development of more profitable feeding programmes, further research should therefore focus on T2 feeding programme

Correlations Between Incidence of Foot Pad Lesions and Body Weight of Broilers in Different Rearing Systems

The incidence of foot pad lesions of broilers of moderate growth was investigated in order to establish correlations with body weight. Broilers were reared until the age of 42 days in the floor system in the poultry house and then were divided into two groups. The first group continued growing in the poultry house until the age of 84 days and the second group was growing in the free range system until the same age. Individual measurements of body weight and evaluation of the incidence of foot pad lesions of broilers were carried out at the end of the experiment. In a correlation analysis of previously transformed data on the percentage of broilers with lesions and body weight within each weight group, data were obtained that showed an association between these traits depending on the rearing system. System of rearing had significant impact on the strength and direction of correlation between body weight and the incidence of foot pad lesions, in light of the determined correlation coefficient r = -0.95 at the significance level p=0.01 in the free range system, and r=0.56 (p>0.05) in chickens reared in the poultry house

Uticaj genotipa i uzrasta na proizvodne osobine lakih linijskih hibrida kokoši

The aim of this work was parallel investigation of the producing characteristics of light line hen hybrids. Investigation enclosed two hen proveniences: Hisex Brown and Shawer 579. Within the period of 19 up to 63 weeks we followed next parameters: egg-laying hen body mass, mortality, food consumption and egg-laying capacity. Hens body mass on the beginning of the examination, within the 19 weeks of growth was, for Hisex Brown provenience 1607g, and for Shawer 579 provenience 1563g. Hisex Brown provenience achieved about 250 g higher body mass on the end of investigation. During the experiment, mortality at Hisex Brown egg-laying hen was a little bit smaller (5,40%), while the Shawer 579 had 5,56% of dead hens. Globally, the mortality at both hen hybrids was in the range of technological normative. The average consumption of the food at Hisex Brown provenience was higher and it was 127,28g, and at Shawer 579 provenience 125,14g. The average consumption of the nutrition for egg production at both provenience was the same (150g).Cilj ovog rada bio je da se izvrši uporedno ispitivanje proizvodnih sposobnosti lakih linijskih hibrida kokoši. Ispitivanjima su obuhvaćene dve provenijence kokoši: Hisex Brown i Shawer 579. U periodu od 19. do 63. nedelje starosti praćeni su sledeći parametri: telesna masa nosilja, mortalitet, utrošak hrane i nosivost. Telesna masa kokoši na početku ispitivanja, sa 19 nedelja uzrasta, za provenijencu Hisex Brown, iznosila je 1607 g, a za provenijencu Shawer 579-1563 g. Veću telesnu masu na kraju eksperimenta, za oko 250 g postigle su nosilje provenijence Hisex Brown. U toku ispitivanja, mortalitet kod Hisex Brown nosilja je bio nešto manji (5,40%), dok je Shawer 579 imao 5,56% uginulih nosilja. Posmatrano u celini, mortalitet nosilja kod oba hibrida, bio je u granicama tehnoloških normativa. Prosečna dnevna potrošnja hrane kod provenijence Hisex Brown je veća i iznosila je 127,28 g, a kod Shawer 579-125,14 g. Prosečna potrošnja hrane za proizvodnju jajeta kod obe provenijence je bila ista (150 g)

Characterization of sunflower seed and kernel proteins

Total sunflower proteins, storage proteins, and helianthinin (11S) and 2S albumin fractions and their respective subunits in seeds and kernels of three sunflower hybrids were analyzed. Protein contents were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and coupled with densitometry. The SDS-PAGE profiles of the seed and kernel proteins in the crude extracts for all genotypes showed a very similar number of protein bands (thirty two) in the electrophoretograms. Three polypeptide groups of helianthinin fraction were detected. Two of these were acidic (α, Mw = 36,800 - 42,900 Da and α', Mw = 31,000 - 35,300 Da), while one was basic (β, Mw=21,000 - 29,600 Da). The molecular weight of the 2S albumin proteins ranged from 11,500 to 20,100 Da. According to our results, there were significant differences among the seed and kernel protein contents. The 2S albumin content was significantly higher in kernels than in whole seeds of sunflower hybrids (P lt 0.05). By contrast, the 11S helianthinin content was significantly higher in seeds (where it ranged from 61.75 to 67.70% of totally extracted proteins) than in kernels (varied from 57.36 to 61.51% of totally extracted proteins) of sunflower hybrids (P lt 0.05)

The water use efficiency increase by maize under deficit irrigation

Савремена пољопривредна производња за императив има економичну производњу здравствено безбедне хране, уз очување земљишта и воде, као природних ресурса. Примена редукованог наводњавања препознаје се као једана од могућности за смањење негативних утицаја суше са једне стране и уштеде воде и смањење утрошка енергије и радне снаге у пољопривредној производњи, са друге стране. Основни циљ истраживања предвиђених овом докторском дисертацијом јесте дефинисање потреба кукуруза за водом и рационалног режима наводњавања земљишта редукованим нормама заливања, и одређивање реалне евапотранспирације у условима водног стреса, која обезбеђује најбољу ефикасност коришћења воде наводњавања у дотичним агроеколошким условима. Циљ је такође да се утврди која је то најповољнија густина сетве у условима редукованог наводњавња, којим ће се остварити и високи приноси и ефикасност коришћења воде. Истраживања су обављена на експерименталном пољу за наводњавање Института за кукуруз “Земун Поље” у периоду од 2002. до 2005. године. Есперименталне парцеле величине 44,8 m2 различитих варијанти истраживања биле су постављене по шеми случајног блок распореда у четири понављања. Гајен је хибрид кукуруза ЗП 677 ФАО 600 групе зрења, у три различите густине: G1=54900 биљ.∙hа-1; G2=64900 биљ.∙hа-1 и G3=75200 биљ.∙hа-1. Примењено је пет режима наводњавања: Wо– природни водни режим земљишта (без наводњавања), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 и Wi4 засновани на бази међусобног односа реалне (ЕТa) и референтне евапотранспирације (ЕТо) 0,4:1, 0,6:1, 0,8:1 и 1:1, респективно. Наводњавање је обављано методом орошавања, а додате количине воде наводњавањем мерене су водомером, за сваку варијанту проучавања. Током истраживања свакодневно је методом Penman-Monteith обрачунавана референтна евапотранспорација (ЕТо), динамика влажности земљишта мерена је декадно, термогравиметријским методом...Cost-effective production of organic food with preservation of soil and water, as natural resources, is the imperative of contemporary agricultural production. The application of deficit irrigation is recognised as one of the options for reducing adverse effects of drought on the one hand and saving water and reducing in both energy consumption and labour in agricultural production on the other hand. The main aim set up in this doctoral dissertation was to define water requirements of maize plants and the rational soil water status ensured by deficit irrigation and to determine actual evapotranspiration under conditions of water stress that would provide the best irrigation water use efficiency under given agro-ecological conditions. The objective was also to establish the most favourable sowing density under conditions of deficit irrigation due to which high yields and efficient water use would be achieved. The studies were carried out in the experimental field for irrigation of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje in the 2002-2005 period. The experimental plot size was 44.8 m2. The plots with various variants of studying were set up according to the four-replicate randomised complete block design. The maize hybrid ZP 677 of FAO 600 was grown in the following three sowing densities: G1=54,900 plants hа-1; G2=64,900 plants hа-1 and G3=75,200 plants hа-1. The following five irrigation regimes were applied: Wо – rainfed regime of the soil (without irrigation), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 and Wi4 regimes based on the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ЕТa) to reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) that amounted to 0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1 and 1:1, respectively. The sprinkling irrigation method was applied, while irrigation water amounts were measured by a water gauge for each variant of studying. Reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) was daily computed by the Penman-Monteith method, while the dynamics of soil moisture was measured by the gravimetric method each ten days. During the growing season, phenological periods were registered and morphological traits of maize were monitored. After harvest, the ear length, number of kernel rows per ear and the number of kernels per row, as well as the 1000-kernel weight were determined..

The water use efficiency increase by maize under deficit irrigation

Савремена пољопривредна производња за императив има економичну производњу здравствено безбедне хране, уз очување земљишта и воде, као природних ресурса. Примена редукованог наводњавања препознаје се као једана од могућности за смањење негативних утицаја суше са једне стране и уштеде воде и смањење утрошка енергије и радне снаге у пољопривредној производњи, са друге стране. Основни циљ истраживања предвиђених овом докторском дисертацијом јесте дефинисање потреба кукуруза за водом и рационалног режима наводњавања земљишта редукованим нормама заливања, и одређивање реалне евапотранспирације у условима водног стреса, која обезбеђује најбољу ефикасност коришћења воде наводњавања у дотичним агроеколошким условима. Циљ је такође да се утврди која је то најповољнија густина сетве у условима редукованог наводњавња, којим ће се остварити и високи приноси и ефикасност коришћења воде. Истраживања су обављена на експерименталном пољу за наводњавање Института за кукуруз “Земун Поље” у периоду од 2002. до 2005. године. Есперименталне парцеле величине 44,8 m2 различитих варијанти истраживања биле су постављене по шеми случајног блок распореда у четири понављања. Гајен је хибрид кукуруза ЗП 677 ФАО 600 групе зрења, у три различите густине: G1=54900 биљ.∙hа-1; G2=64900 биљ.∙hа-1 и G3=75200 биљ.∙hа-1. Примењено је пет режима наводњавања: Wо– природни водни режим земљишта (без наводњавања), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 и Wi4 засновани на бази међусобног односа реалне (ЕТa) и референтне евапотранспирације (ЕТо) 0,4:1, 0,6:1, 0,8:1 и 1:1, респективно. Наводњавање је обављано методом орошавања, а додате количине воде наводњавањем мерене су водомером, за сваку варијанту проучавања. Током истраживања свакодневно је методом Penman-Monteith обрачунавана референтна евапотранспорација (ЕТо), динамика влажности земљишта мерена је декадно, термогравиметријским методом...Cost-effective production of organic food with preservation of soil and water, as natural resources, is the imperative of contemporary agricultural production. The application of deficit irrigation is recognised as one of the options for reducing adverse effects of drought on the one hand and saving water and reducing in both energy consumption and labour in agricultural production on the other hand. The main aim set up in this doctoral dissertation was to define water requirements of maize plants and the rational soil water status ensured by deficit irrigation and to determine actual evapotranspiration under conditions of water stress that would provide the best irrigation water use efficiency under given agro-ecological conditions. The objective was also to establish the most favourable sowing density under conditions of deficit irrigation due to which high yields and efficient water use would be achieved. The studies were carried out in the experimental field for irrigation of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje in the 2002-2005 period. The experimental plot size was 44.8 m2. The plots with various variants of studying were set up according to the four-replicate randomised complete block design. The maize hybrid ZP 677 of FAO 600 was grown in the following three sowing densities: G1=54,900 plants hа-1; G2=64,900 plants hа-1 and G3=75,200 plants hа-1. The following five irrigation regimes were applied: Wо – rainfed regime of the soil (without irrigation), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 and Wi4 regimes based on the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ЕТa) to reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) that amounted to 0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1 and 1:1, respectively. The sprinkling irrigation method was applied, while irrigation water amounts were measured by a water gauge for each variant of studying. Reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) was daily computed by the Penman-Monteith method, while the dynamics of soil moisture was measured by the gravimetric method each ten days. During the growing season, phenological periods were registered and morphological traits of maize were monitored. After harvest, the ear length, number of kernel rows per ear and the number of kernels per row, as well as the 1000-kernel weight were determined..

The water use efficiency increase by maize under deficit irrigation

Савремена пољопривредна производња за императив има економичну производњу здравствено безбедне хране, уз очување земљишта и воде, као природних ресурса. Примена редукованог наводњавања препознаје се као једана од могућности за смањење негативних утицаја суше са једне стране и уштеде воде и смањење утрошка енергије и радне снаге у пољопривредној производњи, са друге стране. Основни циљ истраживања предвиђених овом докторском дисертацијом јесте дефинисање потреба кукуруза за водом и рационалног режима наводњавања земљишта редукованим нормама заливања, и одређивање реалне евапотранспирације у условима водног стреса, која обезбеђује најбољу ефикасност коришћења воде наводњавања у дотичним агроеколошким условима. Циљ је такође да се утврди која је то најповољнија густина сетве у условима редукованог наводњавња, којим ће се остварити и високи приноси и ефикасност коришћења воде. Истраживања су обављена на експерименталном пољу за наводњавање Института за кукуруз “Земун Поље” у периоду од 2002. до 2005. године. Есперименталне парцеле величине 44,8 m2 различитих варијанти истраживања биле су постављене по шеми случајног блок распореда у четири понављања. Гајен је хибрид кукуруза ЗП 677 ФАО 600 групе зрења, у три различите густине: G1=54900 биљ.∙hа-1; G2=64900 биљ.∙hа-1 и G3=75200 биљ.∙hа-1. Примењено је пет режима наводњавања: Wо– природни водни режим земљишта (без наводњавања), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 и Wi4 засновани на бази међусобног односа реалне (ЕТa) и референтне евапотранспирације (ЕТо) 0,4:1, 0,6:1, 0,8:1 и 1:1, респективно. Наводњавање је обављано методом орошавања, а додате количине воде наводњавањем мерене су водомером, за сваку варијанту проучавања. Током истраживања свакодневно је методом Penman-Monteith обрачунавана референтна евапотранспорација (ЕТо), динамика влажности земљишта мерена је декадно, термогравиметријским методом...Cost-effective production of organic food with preservation of soil and water, as natural resources, is the imperative of contemporary agricultural production. The application of deficit irrigation is recognised as one of the options for reducing adverse effects of drought on the one hand and saving water and reducing in both energy consumption and labour in agricultural production on the other hand. The main aim set up in this doctoral dissertation was to define water requirements of maize plants and the rational soil water status ensured by deficit irrigation and to determine actual evapotranspiration under conditions of water stress that would provide the best irrigation water use efficiency under given agro-ecological conditions. The objective was also to establish the most favourable sowing density under conditions of deficit irrigation due to which high yields and efficient water use would be achieved. The studies were carried out in the experimental field for irrigation of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje in the 2002-2005 period. The experimental plot size was 44.8 m2. The plots with various variants of studying were set up according to the four-replicate randomised complete block design. The maize hybrid ZP 677 of FAO 600 was grown in the following three sowing densities: G1=54,900 plants hа-1; G2=64,900 plants hа-1 and G3=75,200 plants hа-1. The following five irrigation regimes were applied: Wо – rainfed regime of the soil (without irrigation), Wi1, Wi2,Wi3 and Wi4 regimes based on the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ЕТa) to reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) that amounted to 0.4:1, 0.6:1, 0.8:1 and 1:1, respectively. The sprinkling irrigation method was applied, while irrigation water amounts were measured by a water gauge for each variant of studying. Reference evapotranspiration (ЕТо) was daily computed by the Penman-Monteith method, while the dynamics of soil moisture was measured by the gravimetric method each ten days. During the growing season, phenological periods were registered and morphological traits of maize were monitored. After harvest, the ear length, number of kernel rows per ear and the number of kernels per row, as well as the 1000-kernel weight were determined..

Winter wheat and soybean zinc uptake in different soil tillage systems

Winter wheat and soybean were grown under field conditions on chernozem soil of Knezevo, Croatia, for four years (from 2002 to 2005) in three applied soil tillage treatments: a) CT — conventional soil tillage, based on mouldboard ploughing, b) DH — soil tillage based on diskharrowing instead of ploughing; and c) NT — no-tillage. Both crops showed decreasing concentration of Zn within the plant tissue as a result of the soil tillage reduction in the order CT>DH>NT, presumably due to the limited roots growth in lesser disturbed soil at DHand NT treatments. Winter wheat recorded generally lower than optimal Zn concentrations and higher P:Zn ratios at reduced soil tillage treatments, as a result of lower Zn uptake. The recommendation for the winter wheat production by reduced soil tillage is additional Zn fertilization, whose exact amounts and way of application shall follow further research

Tillage and nitrogen effects on winter wheat yield and selected soil physical properties on hypogley of Eastern Croatia

The field research was conducted on hypogley in Vrbanja, Croatia, during four growing seasons from 1992/1993 to 1995/1996. They included five soil tillage systems and three nitrogen fertilization levels in four replications for winter wheat (Trilicum aestivum L.) after soybeans (Glycine max L.) as a preceding crop. Tillage treatments were: PL=conventional tillage (ploughing to 20 cm depth, diskharrowing and standard sowing); DS=diskharrowing and standard sowing; MC=tillage by multitiller and chisel, standard sowing; RS=soil tillage and sowing by RAU-Rotosem; PR=ploughing to the depth of 20 cm + RS. Nitrogen fertilization treatments were 140 (N1), 170 (N2) and 200 kg N ha(-1) (N3). Wheat grain yields effects by tillage were as follows: 6.00 (PL), 5.79 (DS), 5.65 (MC), 5.61 (RS) and 5.90 t ha(-1) (PR). Significant differences of yields were found only in the first year of testing. Nitrogen fertilization resulted by non-significant differences of yields as follows: 5.56 t ha(-1) (N1), 5.85 t ha(-1) (N2) and 5.96 t ha(-1) (N3). The conclusion is that under certain environmental conditions it is possible to apply reduced soil tillage and moderate N fertilization