Genetic study of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception among six human populations of Jammu and Kashmir (India)

Background: The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a bitter chemical has long been known to be a bimodal autosomal trait inherited in a simple Mendelian recessive pattern which is being widely used for both genetic and anthropological studies. The frequency of taster and non-taster allele is found to vary in different populations. The present paper deals with the distribution of PTC tasting ability as a marker to study the genetic structure among Muslim populations of Jammu; as no detailed information is available.Aim: To investigate the prevalence and gene frequencies of PTC taste sensitivity among male and females.Subjects and methods: We have undertaken a survey of gene frequencies of PTC taste ability for six different endogamous groups including tribal population. PTC serial dilution method was used to assess the PTC taster and non-taster phenotypes. Hardy–Weinberg method was used to determine allele frequencies.Results: Gujjar and Bakarwal population showed highest PTC threshold while Syed had the least. The phenotypic frequency for PTC taste ability varies within six populations; Syed were observed with highest taster frequency while Gujjar and Bakarwal had lowest taster frequency. The taster frequency of six different populations showed that the percentage of taster frequency was more frequent than that of the non-tasters. Also, females (x2= 4.563, df =5, p= 0.471) had more PTC tasters than males (x2= 5.254, df =5, p= 0.385), being statistically significant. The allelic frequencies in Gujjar and Bakarwal for non-taster (t) males and females were 55.86 and 54.55, respectively. In Syed population, t-allele frequencies for males and females were 45.75 and 37.79, respectively, while the other four populations showed intermediate t-allele frequencies. The heterozygosity showed little variation among all of the six populations.Keywords: Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC); PTC threshold; Gene frequency; Genotype frequency; Heterozygosity; Human populatio

Prevalence and gene frequencies of A1A2BO and Rh(D) blood group alleles among some Muslim populations of North India

Background: Research on ABO group system has been of immense interest, due to its medical importance in different diseases. Till date only a few studies have been done on the prevalence and gene frequencies of A1A2BO and Rh(D) blood groups among the Muslim populations ofUttar Pradesh, North India. The data generated in the present work may be useful for health planners while making efforts to face the future health challenges in the region.Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and gene frequencies of A1A2BO and Rh(D) blood groups among six Muslim populations of Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, North India.Subjects and methods: Blood samples from a total of 724 healthy, unrelated individuals were drawn at random from the six different endogamous groups of Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, North India. A1A2BO and Rh blood grouping were carried out by standard slide agglutination method and allele frequencies were determined.Results: In total 724 samples analyzed, the most frequent blood group was found to be group O 29.97% (n= 217), followed by A1 26.52% (n=192), B 20.03% (n= 145), A1B 19.34% (n= 140), A2 2.90% (n= 21) and A2B 1.24% (n= 9). The overall phenotypic frequencies of A1A2BO blood groups were O >A1>B> A1B>A2>A2B. The calculated allelic frequencies were 0.5619, 0.2214, 0.1973 and 0.0259 for group Io, Ib, Ia1 and Ia2, respectively. The Chi-square differences for A1A2BO blood groups among different Muslim populations were found to be significant (v2 =41.22, df= 25, p <0.02). Out of total 724 samples, 613 (84.67%) samples were Rh+ve and 111 (15.33%) were Rhve

Simulation setup of pipe whip impact

The safety of pipe whip is related issue for nuclear power and chemical plants, where pIpes are often used to transport fluids at high pressure and high temperature. Simulation analysis for empty pipe and liquid filled pipe are conducted in this study. The model was made of simple pipe whip system which enables the missile pipe to hit the target pipe at an angle of 90° and also 55° oblique impact. The simulation setup is done by LS-DYNA which is an developed by the Livennore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC). It is a highly nonlinear transient dynamic finite element analysis using explicit time integratio

Experimental results of pipe whip impact

Pipe whip is a safety related issue for nuclear power and chemical plants, where pipes are often used to transport fluids at high pressure and high temperature. Experiment works for empty pipe and liquid filled pipe are needed in this study. The model was made of simple pipe whip system which enables the missile pipe to hit the target pipe at an angle of 90° and also 55° oblique impact. The results of the experiments show the possible damage and failure of different types of pipe whip with different fill conditions. 2

Numerical analysis on materials energy absorbing capability under gravity loading impact

Energy absorbers are systems that convert kinetic energy into other forms of energy, such as pressure energy in compressible fluids, elastic strain energy in solids, and plastic defonnation energy in defom1able solids. The process of conversion for plastic defonnation depends, among other factors, on the magnitude and method of application of loads, transmission rates, defonnation displacement pattems, and material properties. The applications of defonnable energy absorbers have been paid serious attention for several decades, for the means of safety. The aim is to minimize the impact by controlling the deceleration pulse during impact, i.e. extending the period of dissipation of kinetic energy. Cushioning devices on vehicle bumpers, crash retarders in emergency systems of lifts, and some crash barriers used as road blocks are everyday examples. The vital application of this work is reliability of energy to absorb massive landing force, for instance the missile safeguards when landing on the ground. The high energy absorbing ability can practically applied into rocket system for sending the chips or any other important materials to the space or far-distant place, thus protecting the chips from damag

Numerical and experimental results of liquid slosh in a partially filled cylindrical tank

Several experiments with different water levels were conducted to monitor the effect of water slosh in the container tank. This experimental study on fluid slosh was conducted to validate the results of the numerical models. The observation of the experimental results shows that strain gage-1 experienced compression strain at the top of the tank, while strain gage-2 experienced tension strain at the frontal area. The unit of the strain is displayed in pdm. From this experiment, the values for strain gage-1 is quite lower than strain gage-2.This big different is due to strain gage-2 in the frontal area is experience more forces and moments compared to the strain gage- 1 at the top of the tank

Simulation results of pipe whip impact at 55° angle

The safety of pipe whip is related issue for nuclear power and chemical plants, where pIpes are often used to transport fluids at high pressure and high temperature. Simulation analysis for empty pipe and liquid filled pipe are conducted in this study. The model was made of simple pipe whip system which enables the missile pipe to hit the target pipe at an angle of 55° oblique impact. The simulation setup is done by LS-DYNA which is highly nonlinear transient dynamic finite element analysis using explicit time integration. The results show the defonnation occurred in the pipe whip at different degrees of impact

Experimental results of liquid slosh in a cylindrical tank with different fill levels

The fundamental properties of slosh could be effectively investigated through laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. Such experiments can provide considerable insight into the fluid slosh and associated forces and moments. The nlajority of the experimental investigations on the fluid slosh have been conducted in model tanks which are small in size compared to the full scale tanks of cross-section area in the order of 3.5 mn2. The cross-sectional areas of the model tanks employed in the reported studies were in the order of 0.2 m' [I-31. Since the similarity of sloshing fluid flows is very complex, the slosh behavior would be expected to differ for different tank sizes. Moreover, some of the reported slosh studies were limited to measurements of hydrodynamic pressure at given points or only one component of the slosh forces. The stability of a road tank vehicle, however, is strongly dependent on the resultant slosh forces and moments arising in all the translational and rotational axe

Damage assessment of liquid filled container subjected to free fall on rigid steel plate

Chemicals can be a great threat to society and to the environment, despite its wide usage III industrial applications. Extra precautions have to be taken into account, considering the increasing numbers of accident cases involving chemical-transp0l1ing tanks. Precautions should be taken especially when transporting chemicals of radioactive nature. Should any spill of such chemicals occur, its effects on the environment and human life can be catastrophic. In tel111S of passive safety, the tank designer has to study the probable effect on the tank body such that the transporter gets involved in a crash, thus enhancing the design. In this project, we have performed drop testing on liquid filled containers. The defonnation of the specimen was observed after the impact. Prediction for the defonnation OCCUlTed on the container after being dropped through a 6 meter pipe was taken as the result. The damage assessment of the waterfilled container is very important for some industries in order to avoid danger that might occur to the container when it accidently falls. Some chemical liquids can pose great danger to the environment. Therefore, if we can predict something before it happens, we can use many possibilities to avoid it