Alachlor and Breast Cancer Risk Bibliography

Bibliography on the breast cancer risk of the herbicide alachlorBibliography on the breast cancer risk of the herbicide alachlor. Includes references on history of use and usage, chemical information and trade names, regulatory status, evidence of breast cancer risk in humans and animals, evidence of estrogenicity, effects on reproduction, evidence of mutagenicity and genotoxicity, effects on the immune system, environmental fate and food contamination, occupational exposure, and residues in human and cow's milk.New York State Department of Health, and the United States Department of Agriculture Regional W-45 project, No. NYC 17442

Treniranje u uvjetima kontinuuma otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja: usporedba triju različitih načina vježbanja na satovima tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u osnovnim školama

Few studies have explored the contextual interference effect with children. The findings from these investigations have produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to investigate further how the contextual interference effect influenced children learning a fundamental motor skill in a physical education class. Elementary students (N=36) practiced overarm throwing following traditional blocked or random scheduling. They were compared to a third group of participants practicing the same tasks following a schedule with systematic increases in contextual interference. Analysis revealed that all three groups improved during practice. Post-test results revealed performance differences in favor of the group that practiced with systematic increases in contextual interference. The findings reported here extend the results of previous studies by demonstrating that children can learn a motor skill by practicing with systematic increases in contextual interference. Theoretical considerations are discussed, as well as the relevance of the findings for practitioners and avenues for future research.Premalo je istraživanja koja su ispitivala učinke kontekstualnog utjecaja na učenje motoričkih znanja u djece. Rezultati tih istraživanja bili su proturječni. Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je daljnje istraživanje učinaka kontekstualnog utjecaja na djecu koja uče osnovna motorička znanja na nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Učenici osnovnih škola (N=36) vježbali su osnovno bacanja loptice jednom rukom iznad glave u uvjetima tradicionalne, blokirane ili nasumične strukture kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati tih učenika uspoređeni su s rezultatima treće grupe ispitanika koji su izvodili/vježbali isti motorički zadatak u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati su pokazali da su sve tri grupe ispitanika napredovale tijekom vježbanja. Rezultati finalnog mjerenja pokazali su također da je veći napredak zabilježen u grupi koja je vježbala u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja proširuju spoznaje dosadašnjih znanstvenih istraživanja ukazivanjem na činjenicu da djeca mogu učiti motorička znanja u uvjetima sustavnog povećanja otežavajućega kontekstualnog utjecaja. U članku su raspravljene teorijske osnove eksperimenta i praktičan doprinos dobivenih znanstvenih spoznaja te su predstavljene preporuke za daljnja znanstvena istraživanja

Reduced Nucleus Accumbens SK Channel Activity Enhances Alcohol Seeking during Abstinence

SummaryThe cellular mechanisms underlying pathological alcohol seeking remain poorly understood. Here, we show an enhancement of nucleus accumbens (NAcb) core action potential firing ex vivo after protracted abstinence from alcohol but not sucrose self-administration. Increased firing is associated with reduced small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK) currents and decreased SK3 but not SK2 subunit protein expression. Furthermore, SK activation ex vivo produces greater firing suppression in NAcb core neurons from alcohol- versus sucrose-abstinent rats. Accordingly, SK activation in the NAcb core significantly reduces alcohol but not sucrose seeking after abstinence. In contrast, NAcb shell and lateral dorsal striatal firing ex vivo are not altered after abstinence from alcohol, and SK activation in these regions has little effect on alcohol seeking. Thus, decreased NAcb core SK currents and increased excitability represents a critical mechanism that facilitates motivation to seek alcohol after abstinence

Infecção experimental de cães com coração de bovino parasitado por Sarcocystis SP

Oito cães, sem raça definida, de ambos os sexos e de diferentes idades foram utilizados para a infecção experimental, por via digestiva, com coração cru de bovino, contendo Sarcocystis sp. Seis destes animais receberam apenas uma vez, corações de bovinos obtidos de matadouro, enquanto que os outros dois animais receberam, durante 6 dias consecutivos, corações de bovinos adquiridos de feiras livres. Cinco outros animais foram mantidos como controles. A eliminação de esporocistos nas fezes dos cães alimentados com material de matadouro ou de feira livre, observada a partir do 10º dia, confirmou a infecção desses animais. O período de patência observado foi de 59 dias na injeção única e 73 e 89 dias na infecção múltipla (esta última observação feita somente em 2 animais). As dimensões máximas, mínimas e médias de 100 esporocistos foram de 14,1 - 16,7 x 9,3 - 11,1 µm e x = 15,0 x 10,7 µm. Este resultado veio confirmar a observação anterior de que os esporocistos presentes em 5,8% de fezes dos cães na cidade de São Paulo eram esporocistos de Sarcocystis, espécie Sarcocystis cruzi (S. fusiformis).Eight mongrel of both sexes and different ages were used for experimental infection by digestive route with heart containing Sarcocystis sp. Six animals received once raw bovine heart obtained at the slaughter house. The other two animals received during six days bovine heart acquired at open markets. Five other dogs in the same conditions were kept as non-infected controls. Shedding of sporocysts in the faeces of the experimentally infected dogs starting on the tenth day confirmed the infection of the animals. In the single infection the patent period was 59 days and in the multiple infection was 73 and 89 days (in this case the observation was made only in 2 animals). One hundred sporocysts measured 14,1-16,7 µm x 9,3 - 11,1 µm  (x = 15,0 x 10,7 µm). This result confirmed our prior observation demonstrating that sporocysts present in 5,8% of dogs faeces in the city of São Paulo were sporocysts of Sarcocystis, species Sarcocystis cruzi (S. fusiformis)

An assay of tetramizole cyclamate by oral route, in comparison to tetramizole hydrochloride by both oral and parenteral routes, for the treatment of helminthiasis in domestic swines

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.The AA tested comparatively the anthelmintic efficiency of both cyclamate and hydrochloride of tetramizole, in pigs. The cyclamate salt was tested orally and the hydrochloride one was studied by both the oral and intramuscular routes. In all cases the dosis was 12.5 mg/kg. Both drugs were highly efficient against mature Ascaris, Metastrongylus and Macracanthorhynchus and were also significantly active on immature forms of Ascaris, Metastrongylus and Oesophagostomum. Mature Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum were expelled by the hydrochloride compound; they were not statistically interfered with by the cyclamate salt. The AA present also a survey on pig helminths at the Campo Florido region, State of Minas Gerais, Brasil

Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking

Interactions between the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in a number of reward-processing and addictive behaviours, but our understanding of the precise role of each of these brain areas has been limited by the inability to manipulate pathways selectively during behaviour. Stuber et al. use optogenetic technologies, in which light selectively activates or inhibits genetically-defined neuronal subpopulations, to reveal an unexpected role for the BLA a brain region usually associated with aversive behaviours. The BLA is shown to be important for processing both positive and negative effects, but glutamatergic pathways between the BLA and NAc are specifically associated with reward-seeking behaviours

Deep-learning-driven quantification of interstitial fibrosis in digitized kidney biopsies

Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) on a renal biopsy are strong indicators of disease chronicity and prognosis. Techniques that are typically used for IFTA grading remain manual, leading to variability among pathologists. Accurate IFTA estimation using computational techniques can reduce this variability and provide quantitative assessment. Using trichrome-stained whole-slide images (WSIs) processed from human renal biopsies, we developed a deep-learning framework that captured finer pathologic structures at high resolution and overall context at the WSI level to predict IFTA grade. WSIs (n = 67) were obtained from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Five nephropathologists independently reviewed them and provided fibrosis scores that were converted to IFTA grades: ≤10% (none or minimal), 11% to 25% (mild), 26% to 50% (moderate), and >50% (severe). The model was developed by associating the WSIs with the IFTA grade determined by majority voting (reference estimate). Model performance was evaluated on WSIs (n = 28) obtained from the Kidney Precision Medicine Project. There was good agreement on the IFTA grading between the pathologists and the reference estimate (κ = 0.622 ± 0.071). The accuracy of the deep-learning model was 71.8% ± 5.3% on The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and 65.0% ± 4.2% on Kidney Precision Medicine Project data sets. Our approach to analyzing microscopic- and WSI-level changes in renal biopsies attempts to mimic the pathologist and provides a regional and contextual estimation of IFTA. Such methods can assist clinicopathologic diagnosis.U01 DK085660 - NIDDK NIH HHS; RF1 AG062109 - NIA NIH HHS; R21 CA253498 - NCI NIH HHS; R21 DK119751 - NIDDK NIH HHS; R01 HL132325 - NHLBI NIH HHS; UL1 TR001430 - NCATS NIH HHS; R56 AG062109 - NIA NIH HHS; R21 DK119740 - NIDDK NIH HHShttps://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.03.21249179v1.full.pd

Recombinase-Driver Rat Lines: Tools, Techniques, and Optogenetic Application to Dopamine-Mediated Reinforcement

Currently there is no general approach for achieving specific optogenetic control of genetically-defined cell types in rats, which provide a powerful experimental system for numerous established neurophysiological and behavioral paradigms. To overcome this challenge we have generated genetically-restricted recombinase-driver rat lines suitable for driving gene expression in specific cell-types, expressing Cre recombinase under control of large genomic regulatory regions (200–300 Kb). Multiple tyrosine hydroxylase (Th)::Cre and choline acetyltransferase (Chat)::Cre lines were produced that exhibited specific opsin expression in targeted cell-types. We additionally developed methods for utilizing optogenetic tools in freely-moving rats, and leveraged these technologies to clarify the causal relationship between dopamine (DA) neuron firing and positive reinforcement, observing that optical stimulation of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of Th::Cre rats is sufficient to support vigorous intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). These studies complement existing targeting approaches by extending generalizability of optogenetics to traditionally non-genetically-tractable but vital animal models

A highly reducing metal-free photoredox catalyst: design and application in radical dehalogenations

Here we report the use of 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as an inexpensive, highly reducing metal-free photocatalyst for the reduction of carbon-halogen bonds via the trapping of carbon-centered radical intermediates with a mild hydrogen atom donor. Dehalogenations were carried out on various substrates with excellent yields at room temperature in the presence of air

Photoswitching Using Visible Light: A New Class of Organic Photochromic Molecules

A versatile new class of organic photochromic molecules that offers an unprecedented combination of physical properties including tunable photoswitching using visible light, excellent fatigue resistance, and large polarity changes is described. These unique features offer significant opportunities in diverse fields ranging from biosensors to targeted delivery systems while also allowing non-experts ready synthetic access to these materials