The masks of Lorenzo Tenchini : their anatomy and surgical/bioengineering clues

An academic, anatomist, and Lombrosian psychiatrist active at the University of Parma in Italy at the end of the 19th century, Lorenzo Tenchini produced ceroplastic-like masks that are unique in the anatomical Western context. These were prepared from 1885 to 1893 with the aim of 'cataloguing' the behaviour of prison inmates and psychiatric patients based on their facial surface anatomy. Due to the lack of any reference to the procedure used to prepare the masks, studies were undertaken by our group using X-ray scans, infrared spectroscopy, bioptic sampling, and microscopy analysis of the mask constituents. Results showed that the masks were stratified structures including plaster, cotton gauze/human epidermis, and wax, leading to a fabrication procedure reminiscent of 'additive layer manufacturing'. Differences in the depths of these layers were observed in relation to the facial contours, suggesting an attempt to reproduce, at least partially, the three-dimensional features of the facial soft tissues. We conclude the Tenchini masks are the first historical antecedent of the experimental method for face reconstruction used in the early 2000s to test the feasibility of transferring a complete strip of face and scalp from a deceased donor to a living recipient, in preparation for a complete face transplant. In addition, the layering procedure adopted conceptually mimics that developed only in the late 20th century for computer-aided rapid prototyping, and recently applied to bioengineering with biomaterials for a number of human structures including parts of the skull and face. Finally, the masks are a relevant example of mixed ceroplastic-cutaneous preparations in the history of anatomical research for clinical purposes

Comorbidade de sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em pacientes com dor crônica e o impacto sobre a qualidade de vida

CONTEXTO: Dor é uma experiência emocional e sensorial desagradável. Tanto a dor crônica como a depressão reduzem de forma significativa a qualidade de vida, além de aumentar muito os custos dos cuidados com a saúde. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a associação entre sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade em relação à dor crônica e investigar o impacto desses sintomas na saúde e na qualidade de vida em indivíduos com dor crônica. MÉTODOS: A dor foi avaliada por meio de uma Escala Analógica Visual (VAS). Os sintomas depressivos e a ansiedade foram avaliados pela Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do SF-36. RESULTADOS: Quatrocentos pacientes foram estudados, com idade média de 45,6 ± 11,4 anos e 82,8% são do sexo feminino. De acordo com a HAD, 70% tinham ansiedade e 60%, os sintomas de depressão. A SF-36 apresentou escores < 50% para todos os domínios. Os pacientes com dor intensa/ extrema apresentaram maior frequência (70,4%) de ansiedade do que aqueles com dor selvagem/moderada (59,5%). Essa foi uma associação estatisticamente significante (p = 0,027). No entanto, a frequência de depressão não atingiu significância estatística quando ambos os grupos foram comparados (p = 0,109). CONCLUSÃO: Os sintomas depressivos/ansiedade e dor, em conjunto, apresentaram piores desfechos clínicos de cada estado sozinho. É necessária mais investigação para determinar se o tratamento da dor ajuda os sintomas dos pacientes depressivos e se o alívio dos sintomas depressivos melhora a dor e sua morbidade

Comorbidade de sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em pacientes com dor crônica e o impacto sobre a qualidade de vida

BACKGROUND: Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Both chronic pain and depression result in substantial disability reduced HRQoL and increased health care costs and utilization. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the strength of the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and chronic pain, and to investigate the impact of these symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in chronic pain individuals. METHODS: Pain was assessed by means of a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Quality of life was assessed by means of the SF-36. RESULTS: Four hundred patients were studied, mean age 45.6 ± 11.4 years and 82.8% female gender. According to HAD, 70% had anxiety and 60% depression symptoms. SF-36 showed mean scores < 50% for all the domains. Patients with severe pain/extreme (70.4%) had a higher frequency of anxiety than those with pain selvagem/moderada (59,5%). This was a statistically significant (p = 0.027). However, the frequency of depression did not reach statistical significance when both groups were compared p = 0.109). DISCUSSION: Depressive/anxiety symptoms and pain together have worse clinical outcomes than each condition alone.CONTEXTO: Dor é uma experiência emocional e sensorial desagradável. Tanto a dor crônica como a depressão reduzem de forma significativa a qualidade de vida, além de aumentar muito os custos dos cuidados com a saúde. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a associação entre sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade em relação à dor crônica e investigar o impacto desses sintomas na saúde e na qualidade de vida em indivíduos com dor crônica. MÉTODOS: A dor foi avaliada por meio de uma Escala Analógica Visual (VAS). Os sintomas depressivos e a ansiedade foram avaliados pela Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do SF-36. RESULTADOS: Quatrocentos pacientes foram estudados, com idade média de 45,6 ± 11,4 anos e 82,8% são do sexo feminino. De acordo com a HAD, 70% tinham ansiedade e 60%, os sintomas de depressão. A SF-36 apresentou escores < 50% para todos os domínios. Os pacientes com dor intensa/ extrema apresentaram maior frequência (70,4%) de ansiedade do que aqueles com dor selvagem/moderada (59,5%). Essa foi uma associação estatisticamente significante (p = 0,027). No entanto, a frequência de depressão não atingiu significância estatística quando ambos os grupos foram comparados (p = 0,109). CONCLUSÃO: Os sintomas depressivos/ansiedade e dor, em conjunto, apresentaram piores desfechos clínicos de cada estado sozinho. É necessária mais investigação para determinar se o tratamento da dor ajuda os sintomas dos pacientes depressivos e se o alívio dos sintomas depressivos melhora a dor e sua morbidade

Misdiagnosis, duration of untreated illness (DUI) and outcome in bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms : a naturalistic study

Background: A number of data show the negative role of duration of untreated illness (DUI) on outcome in mood disorders, but no investigation has been carried out about the impact of this variable in bipolar disorder (BD) with psychotic symptoms. Clinical experience shows that many bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms receive other diagnoses and often are chronically treated with first generation antipsychotics, with the effect to reduce duration of untreated psychosis/untreated episode with psychotic symptoms (DUP), but not DUI. Purpose of the study was to define the rate of misdiagnosis and the impact of DUP/DUI on outcome of bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms. Method: Clinical information (DUP. DUI, first received diagnosis) about bipolar outpatients with psychotic symptoms (N=240) were extrapolated through a retrospective review of the clinical charts, Lombardy database and, if necessary, through clinical interviews with patients and their relatives. Outcome measures included psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidity, occupational status, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), number of hospitalizations and of suicidal attempts, number of depressive/manic recurrences. Patients were divided in two groups according to the DUP (1 year) and DUl (8 years) median, and the groups were compared through analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for continuous variables or chi(2) tests for dichotomous ones. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with duration of illness as covariate was then performed to eliminate the effect of this variable. Finally, binary logistic regressions were performed considering age at onset, DUI, DUP as independent variables and outcome variables as dependent ones (presence of hospitalizations/suicidal attempts, GAF scores < 50, occupational status). Results: Most of patients (61.5%) received a first diagnosis different horn BD with the most frequent DSM-diagnosis being delusional disorder (17.9%). Patients with longer DUP were not different in outcome measures with respect to patients with shorter DUP. Patients with a DUI >8 years presented higher number of hospitalizations (F=6.04, p=0.015), higher number of manic recurrences (F=5.25, p=0.023), higher number of depressive recurrences (F=7.13, p=0.008) and lower GAF scores (F=17.74, p < 0.001). Statistical significance persisted for number of hospitalizations (p < 0.001) and GAF scores (p=0.003) after MANOVA. Finally binary logistic regression showed that a longer DUl was predictive of GAF scores < 50 (F=1774, p < 0.001). Discussion: More than half of bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms receive a different diagnosis at first contact with psychiatric services. DUI (but not DUP) is a predictor of outcome in bipolar patients with psychotic symptoms. This indicates that an early diagnosis and proper treatment with a mood stabilizer (or an atypical antipsychotic with mood stabilizing effects) may improve long-term outcome of these patients. In the light of the naturalistic design of the present paper, these results have to be considered as preliminary and have to be confirmed by prospective controlled studies

White Matter Hyperintensities and Their Association With Suicidality in Major Affective Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies

Introduction: Individuals who have deep and periventricular white matter hyperintensities may have a higher risk for suicidal behavior. There are mixed results in the literature regarding whether unipolar or bipolar patients who have attempted suicide have more deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMH) or periventricular hyperintensities (PVH) relative to those who have no history of suicide attempts. Methods: A meta-analysis of studies examining white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in mood disorder patients with and without a history of suicide attempts was performed. Results: Four studies, including a total of 173 patients who attempted suicide and 183 who did not attempt suicide, were included. A significantly higher number of attempters were found to have WMH than non-attempters. Unipolar depressed patients who had attempted suicide had 1.9 times more DWMH and 2.1 times more PVH than those who did not. Bipolar patients who had attempted suicide had 5.4 times more PVH than those who had not. Taken together, unipolar and bipolar patients who had attempted suicide had 2.8 times more DWMH and 4.5 times more PVH than those who had never attempted suicide. Conclusion: These findings raise the possibility that WMH are biological substrates of symptoms that lead to suicidal behavior. CNS Spectr. 2010;15(6):375-381

Is cerebellar volume related to bipolar disorder?

Background: Recent data suggest that cerebellum influences emotion modulation in humans. the findings of cerebellar abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD) are especially intriguing given the link between the cerebellum emotional and behavioral regulation. the purpose of this study was to evaluate cerebellar volume in patients with euthymic BD type I compared to controls. Moreover, we investigated the possible relationship between cerebellar volume and suicidal behavior.Methods: Forty-patients with euthymic BD type I, 20 with and 20 without history of suicide attempt, and 22 healthy controls underwent an MRI scan. the participants were interviewed using the Structured Clinical Interview with the DSM-IV axis I (SCID-I), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11).Results: Groups were age, gender and years of schooling-matched. the left cerebellum (p = 0.02), right cerebellum (p = 0.02) and vermis (p<0.01) were significantly smaller in the BD group; however, there were no volumetric differences between the BD subjects with and without suicidal attempt. There was no correlation between cerebellar measurements and clinical variables.Limitations: the main strength is that our sample consisted of patients with euthymic BD type I without any comorbidities, however, these results cannot establish causality as the cross-sectional nature of the study.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the reduction in cerebellar volumes observed in BD type I might be a trait-related characteristic of this disorder. Additional studies with larger samples and subtypes of this heterogeneous disorder are warranted to determine the possible specificity of this cerebellar finding. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program (CETHA), Salvador-Bahia, BrazilConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociencias Clin LiNC, UNIFESP, BR-04039032 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Tocantins, Tocantins, BrazilUniv Fed Bahia, CETHA, Salvador, BA, BrazilMed Diagnost, Image Mem, Salvador, BA, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociencias Clin LiNC, UNIFESP, BR-04039032 São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 480918/2007-4Web of Scienc