48 research outputs found
Scalable Noise Estimation with Random Unitary Operators
We describe a scalable stochastic method for the experimental measurement of
generalized fidelities characterizing the accuracy of the implementation of a
coherent quantum transformation. The method is based on the motion reversal of
random unitary operators. In the simplest case our method enables direct
estimation of the average gate fidelity. The more general fidelities are
characterized by a universal exponential rate of fidelity loss. In all cases
the measurable fidelity decrease is directly related to the strength of the
noise affecting the implementation -- quantified by the trace of the
superoperator describing the non--unitary dynamics. While the scalability of
our stochastic protocol makes it most relevant in large Hilbert spaces (when
quantum process tomography is infeasible), our method should be immediately
useful for evaluating the degree of control that is achievable in any prototype
quantum processing device. By varying over different experimental arrangements
and error-correction strategies additional information about the noise can be
determined.Comment: 8 pages; v2: published version (typos corrected; reference added
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Siah2 control of T-regulatory cells limits anti-tumor immunity.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor immunity is pivotal for improving immune-based cancer therapies. Here, we report that growth of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells is inhibited, up to complete rejection, in Siah2-/- mice. Growth-inhibited tumors exhibit increased numbers of intra-tumoral activated T cells and decreased expression of Ccl17, Ccl22, and Foxp3. Marked reduction in Treg proliferation and tumor infiltration coincide with G1 arrest in tumor infiltrated Siah2-/- Tregs in vivo or following T cell stimulation in culture, attributed to elevated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, a Siah2 substrate. Growth of anti-PD-1 therapy resistant melanoma is effectively inhibited in Siah2-/- mice subjected to PD-1 blockade, indicating synergy between PD-1 blockade and Siah2 loss. Low SIAH2 and FOXP3 expression is identified in immune responsive human melanoma tumors. Overall, Siah2 regulation of Treg recruitment and cell cycle progression effectively controls melanoma development and Siah2 loss in the host sensitizes melanoma to anti-PD-1 therapy
SMX and front-end board tester for CBM readout chain
The STS-MUCH-XYTER (SMX) chip is a front-end ASIC dedicated to the readout of
Silicon Tracking System (STS) and Muon Chamber (MUCH) detectors in the
Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment. The production of the ASIC and the
front-end boards based on it is just being started and requires thorough
testing to assure quality. The paper describes the SMX tester based on a
standard commercial Artix-7 FPGA module with an additional simple baseboard. In
the standalone configuration, the tester is controlled via IPbus and enables
full functional testing of connected SMX, front-end board (FEB), or a full
detector module. The software written in Python may easily be integrated with
higher-level testing software
Step by step optimization of luminescence thermometry in MgTiO3:Cr3+, Nd3+@SiO2 nanoparticles towards bioapplications
The increasing popularity of luminescent nanothermometry in recent years can be attributed to its application potential in biomedicine. In response to this need, we describe a biocompatible bimodal luminescent thermometer that operates in ratiometric and luminescence lifetime modes based on particles of MgTiO3:Cr3+,Nd3+@SiO2. The introduction of Cr3+ and Nd3+ dopants enabled the luminescence of Ti3+ ions to be observed, and the difference in the thermal quenching rates of Cr3+ (4T2→4A2), Ti3+ (2T2→2E) and Nd3+ (4F3/2 → 4I11/2) ions enabled the ratiometric thermometers. The highest sensitivity reaching SR = 1.00%K−1 was obtained for MgTiO3:0.1 % Cr3+, 0.1 % Nd3+ at 203 K. The shortening of the lifetime of the 4T2 level of Cr3+ ions associated with its thermal depopulation allows to develop a lifetime-based thermometer with a relative sensitivity reaching 0.85–1.18%K−1 in the physiological temperature range. The deposition of a SiO2 shell on a MgTiO3:Cr3+,Nd3+ did not introduce significant changes in the shape of the emission spectrum and slightly elongates the lifetime by reducing the probability of surface-related nonradiative processes. More importantly, the thermometric performance of this luminescence thermometer was preserved. The low cytotoxicity of the obtained materials underlines their potential in bioapplications of the described luminescent thermometers
Realization of quantum process tomography in NMR
Quantum process tomography is a procedure by which the unknown dynamical
evolution of an open quantum system can be fully experimentally characterized.
We demonstrate explicitly how this procedure can be implemented with a nuclear
magnetic resonance quantum computer. This allows us to measure the fidelity of
a controlled-not logic gate and to experimentally investigate the error model
for our computer. Based on the latter analysis, we test an important assumption
underlying nearly all models of quantum error correction, the independence of
errors on different qubits.Comment: 8 pages, 7 EPS figures, REVTe
On the volume of the set of mixed entangled states
A natural measure in the space of density matrices describing N-dimensional
quantum systems is proposed. We study the probability P that a quantum state
chosen randomly with respect to the natural measure is not entangled (is
separable). We find analytical lower and upper bounds for this quantity.
Numerical calculations give P = 0.632 for N=4 and P=0.384 for N=6, and indicate
that P decreases exponentially with N. Analysis of a conditional measure of
separability under the condition of fixed purity shows a clear dualism between
purity and separability: entanglement is typical for pure states, while
separability is connected with quantum mixtures. In particular, states of
sufficiently low purity are necessarily separable.Comment: 10 pages in LaTex - RevTex + 4 figures in eps. submitted to Phys.
Rev.
Dynamics of quantum entanglement
A model of discrete dynamics of entanglement of bipartite quantum state is
considered. It involves a global unitary dynamics of the system and periodic
actions of local bistochastic or decaying channel. For initially pure states
the decay of entanglement is accompanied with an increase of von Neumann
entropy of the system. We observe and discuss revivals of entanglement due to
unitary interaction of both subsystems. For some mixed states having different
marginal entropies of both subsystems (one of them larger than the global
entropy and the other one one smaller) we find an asymmetry in speed of
entanglement decay. The entanglement of these states decreases faster, if the
depolarizing channel acts on the "classical" subsystem, characterized by
smaller marginal entropy.Comment: 10 pages, Revtex, 10 figures, refined versio
On the volume of the set of mixed entangled states II
The problem of of how many entangled or, respectively, separable states there
are in the set of all quantum states is investigated. We study to what extent
the choice of a measure in the space of density matrices describing
N--dimensional quantum systems affects the results obtained. We demonstrate
that the link between the purity of the mixed states and the probability of
entanglement is not sensitive to the measure chosen. Since the criterion of
partial transposition is not sufficient to distinguish all separable states for
N > 6, we develop an efficient algorithm to calculate numerically the
entanglement of formation of a given mixed quantum state, which allows us to
compute the volume of separable states for N=8 and to estimate the volume of
the bound entangled states in this case.Comment: 14 pages in Latex, Revtex + epsf; 7 figures in .ps included (one new
figure in the revised version, several minor changes
Genetic and Environmental Determinants of Immune Response to Cutaneous Melanoma
The immune response to melanoma improves the survival in untreated patients and predicts the response to immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we report genetic and environmental predictors of the immune response in a large primary cutaneous melanoma cohort. Bioinformatic analysis of 703 tumor transcriptomes was used to infer immune cell infiltration and to categorize tumors into immune subgroups, which were then investigated for association with biological pathways, clinicopathologic factors, and copy number alterations. Three subgroups, with “low”, “intermediate”, and “high” immune signals, were identified in primary tumors and replicated in metastatic tumors. Genes in the low subgroup were enriched for cell-cycle and metabolic pathways, whereas genes in the high subgroup were enriched for IFN and NF-κB signaling. We identified high MYC expression partially driven by amplification, HLA-B downregulation, and deletion of IFNγ and NF-κB pathway genes as the regulators of immune suppression. Furthermore, we showed that cigarette smoking, a globally detrimental environmental factor, modulates immunity, reducing the survival primarily in patients with a strong immune response. Together, these analyses identify a set of factors that can be easily assessed that may serve as predictors of response to immunotherapy in patients with melanoma.
Significance: These findings identify novel genetic and environmental modulators of the immune response against primary cutaneous melanoma and predict their impact on patient survival
Challenges in QCD matter physics - The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR
Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to
explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC
energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing
net-baryon densities. There is evidence that a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP) was
created at experiments at RHIC and LHC. The transition from the QGP back to the
hadron gas is found to be a smooth cross over. For larger net-baryon densities
and lower temperatures, it is expected that the QCD phase diagram exhibits a
rich structure, such as a first-order phase transition between hadronic and
partonic matter which terminates in a critical point, or exotic phases like
quarkyonic matter. The discovery of these landmarks would be a breakthrough in
our understanding of the strong interaction and is therefore in the focus of
various high-energy heavy-ion research programs. The Compressed Baryonic Matter
(CBM) experiment at FAIR will play a unique role in the exploration of the QCD
phase diagram in the region of high net-baryon densities, because it is
designed to run at unprecedented interaction rates. High-rate operation is the
key prerequisite for high-precision measurements of multi-differential
observables and of rare diagnostic probes which are sensitive to the dense
phase of the nuclear fireball. The goal of the CBM experiment at SIS100
(sqrt(s_NN) = 2.7 - 4.9 GeV) is to discover fundamental properties of QCD
matter: the phase structure at large baryon-chemical potentials (mu_B > 500
MeV), effects of chiral symmetry, and the equation-of-state at high density as
it is expected to occur in the core of neutron stars. In this article, we
review the motivation for and the physics programme of CBM, including
activities before the start of data taking in 2022, in the context of the
worldwide efforts to explore high-density QCD matter.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures. Published in European Physical Journal