Pigmentos lipossolúveis e hidrossolúveis em plantas de salvínia sob toxicidade por cromo

Devido à intensa utilização industrial, o cromo é considerado um importante poluente ambiental. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar os teores de pigmentos hidro e lipossolúveis em plantas de salvínia expostas a concentrações crescentes de Cr, visando estabelecer parâmetros bioquímicos para utilização dessa macrófita em programas de biomonitoramento e/ou fitorremediação da poluição causada por esse poluente metálico em ambientes aquáticos. As plantas foram submetidas a concentrações crescentes de Cr e avaliadas após quatro, seis e dez dias de tratamento. Os resultados dos ensaios permitiram concluir que plantas de salvínia sob condições de estresse por Cr apresentam reduções nas concentrações das clorofilas a, b e total e, em contraste, aumentos nas concentrações de antocianinas totais. Embora a concentração de carotenoides totais não tenha sido alterada em resposta ao Cr, as variações nas concentrações dos demais pigmentos lipossolúveis e dos pigmentos hidrossolúveis observadas nas folhas das plantas de salvínia podem ser utilizadas como parâmetros bioquímicos de biomonitoramento da poluição causada por esse elemento metálico em ambientes aquáticos.Due to widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a serious environmental pollutant. This study aimed to determine the content of hydrosoluble and liposoluble pigments in salvinia plants exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr, to establish biochemical parameters for the use of macrophyta in pollution bio-monitoring programs and/or phyto-remediation in aquatic environments by this pollutant metal. The plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr and evaluated after four, six, and ten days of treatment. The test results showed that salvinia plants under stress conditions for Cr exhibit decreases in the concentrations of chlorophylls a, b, and total, and, in contrast, increases in anthocyanin concentrations. Although the concentration of carotenoids has not been altered in response to Cr, the variations in the concentrations of other liposoluble and hydrosoluble pigments found in salvinia plant leaves can be used as biochemical parameters for biomonitoring of pollution caused by this metallic element in aquatic environments

Morphological Response of Typha domingensis to an Industrial Effluent Containing Heavy Metals in a Constructed Wetland

Typha domingensis became the dominant species after two years of operation of a wetland constructed for metallurgical effluent treatment. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate its response to tolerate the effluent and to maintain the contaminant removal efficiency of the constructed wetland. Plant, sediment and water at the inlet and outlet of the constructed wetland and in two natural wetlands were sampled. Metal concentration (Cr, Ni and Zn) and total phosphorus (TP) were significantly higher in tissues of the plants growing at the inlet in comparison with those of the outlet and natural wetlands. Even though chlorophyll concentration was sensitive to effluent toxicity, biomass and plant height at the inlet and outlet were significantly higher than those in the natural wetlands. The highest root and stele cross-sectional areas (CSA), number of vessels and biomass registered in inlet plants promoted the uptake, transport and accumulation of the contaminants in tissues. The modifications recorded accounted for the adaptability of T. domingensis to the conditions prevailing in the constructed wetland, which allowed this plant to become the dominant species and enabled the wetland to maintain a high contaminant retention capacity.Fil: Hadad, Hernán Ricardo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Mufarrege, María de Las Mercedes. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Pinciroli, M. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Di Luca, Gisela Alfonsina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Maine, Maria Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentin

Bioaccumulation kinetics and toxic effects of Cr, Ni and Zn on Eichhornia crassipes

The aim of this work was to assess the uptake efficiencies, the uptake and bioaccumulation kinetics and the toxic effects of Cr, Ni and Zn on Eichhornia crassipes. Plants were exposed to 1mg L−1 of each metal and sampled during 30 days. E. crassipes removed 81%, 95% and 70% of Cr, Ni and Zn, respectively. Metal removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. and sampled during 30 days. E. crassipes removed 81%, 95% and 70% of Cr, Ni and Zn, respectively. Metal removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. Eichhornia crassipes. Plants were exposed to 1mg L−1 of each metal and sampled during 30 days. E. crassipes removed 81%, 95% and 70% of Cr, Ni and Zn, respectively. Metal removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. E. crassipes removed 81%, 95% and 70% of Cr, Ni and Zn, respectively. Metal removal from water involved a fast and a slow component. Metals were accumulated fundamentally by roots. Cr was scarcely translocated to aerial parts. In these tissues, Ni showed the highest accumulation amount while Zn presented the highest accumulation rate. Metal toxicity on the biomass was different among treatments. However, biomass did not decrease in any case. All the studied metals produced chlorophyll decrease. The root cross-sectional area (CSA) and vessel number increased and the root length decreased when plants were exposed to Zn. Despite the toxic effects, E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently. Zn efficiently. E. crassipes accumulated Cr, Ni and Zn efficiently.Fil: Hadad, Hernán Ricardo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Laboratorio de Química Analítica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Maine, Maria Alejandra. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Laboratorio de Química Analítica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Mufarrege, María de Las Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Laboratorio de Química Analítica; ArgentinaFil: del Sastre, M. V.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Laboratorio de Química Analítica; ArgentinaFil: Di Luca, Gisela Alfonsina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Laboratorio de Química Analítica; Argentin

Produção de forragem e dinâmica de uma pastagem natural submetida a diferentes métodos de controle de espécies indesejáveis e à adubação Forage production and dynamic of a natural pasture submitted to different control methods of undesirable species and fertilization

Foram testados os efeitos, a médio prazo, de quatro métodos de controle de plantas indesejáveis sobre a produção de forragem e a dinâmica da vegetação em área de pastagem nativa representativa da transição entre a Serra do Sudeste e a Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os métodos de controle foram: sem controle; controle mecânico com roçada de primavera; controle mecânico com roçada de outono; e controle químico com herbicida comercial Tordon, à base de Picloram + 2,4-D, na dosagem de 5 L/ha, associado ou não a fertilização (sem e com adubo). Houve interação entre sistema fertilização e estação do ano e entre método de controle e estação do ano para massa de forragem disponível e de gramíneas. O sistema de fertilização aumentou a massa de forragem disponível [4.919,0 kg/ha de matéria seca (MS)] e de gramíneas (2.313,1 kg/ha de MS). A massa de forragem foi maior na ausência de controle de plantas indesejáveis, que resultou em valores de 5.024,4; 3.931,2; 3.920,1 e 3.701,1 kg/ha de MS no verão, inverno, outono e na primavera, respectivamente. A frequência de espécies indesejáveis não se altera com a adubação (sem adubo 8,0% e com adubo 8,4%). O controle químico promove controle total das espécies indesejáveis e leguminosas nativas. A roçada no outono é mais eficiente no controle das espécies indesejáveis que a roçada de primavera.<br>It was tested the effects, in a medium term, of four methods to control undesirable plants on forage production and dynamic of vegetation in a representative area of natural pasture in the transition between Serra do Sudeste and the Depressão Central in Rio Grande do Sul. The control methods were the following: without control, mechanical control with spring mowing, mechanical control with autumn mowing and chemical control with Tordon commercial herbicide based on Picloram + 2,4-D at the dosage 5 L/ha associated or not with the fertilization system (with and without fertilizer). There was an interaction between fertilization system and season of the year and interaction between the control method and season of the year for available forage and grass mass. The fertilization system improved the available forage [4,919.0 kg/ha of dry matter (DM)] and mass of grasses (2,313.1 kg/ha of DM). Forage mass was higher in the absence of undesirable plant control, which resulted in values 5,024.4, 3,931.3, 3,020.1 and 3,701.1 kg/ha of DM in the summer, winter, autumn and spring, respectively. The frequency of undesirable species is not modified by fertilization (8.0% without fertilizer and 8.4% with fertilizer). Chemical control promotes total control of undesirable species and native leguminous. Autumn mowing is more efficient in controlling undesirable species than spring mowing