El salt a l ’exterior de les empreses de nova creació

New international companies have come true thanks to globalization. They will be playing a major role in the 21st century, as their impact on economic and social progress is significantly larger than that of other kind of new companies. Nevertheless, their international success is subject to the adoption of a strategic approach which will provide them with the required tools to overcome future challenges, given their scarcity of resources. This paper explores the main aspects of the abovementioned strategic approach, aimed at contributing to the success of the companies in international markets.L’existència d’empreses internacionals de nova creació constitueix una realitat possible gràcies a la globalització. Aquestes noves empreses internacionals estan cridades a ocupar un paper destacat en el segle XXI, ja que la seua repercussió en el progrés econòmic i social és significativament major que la d’altres tipus de noves empreses. No obstant, l’èxit internacional d’aquestes empreses passa per l’adopció d’un enfocament estratègic que els proporcione les eines necessàries per a superar els desafiaments a què s’hauran d’enfrontar, tenint en compte les seues limitacions de recursos. En aquest treball s’exploren els principals aspectes que ha de cobrir aquest enfocament estratègic perquè efectivament contribuïsca a l’èxit d’aquestes empreses en els mercats internacionals.La existencia de empresas internacionales de nueva creación constituye una realidad posible gracias a la globalización. Estas nuevas empresas internacionales están llamadas a ocupar un papel destacado en el siglo XXI, puesto que su repercusión en el progreso económico y social es significativamente mayor que la de otros tipos de nuevas empresas. Sin embargo, el éxito internacional de estas empresas pasa por la adopción de un enfoque estratégico que les proporcione las herramientas necesarias para superar los desafíos a los que se deberán enfrentarse, habida cuenta de sus limitaciones de recursos. En este trabajo se exploran los principales aspectos que debe cubrir este enfoque estratégico para que efectivamente contribuya al éxito de estas empresas en los mercados internacionales.L ’existence d ’entreprises internationales de nouvelle création constitue une réalité possible grâce à la mondialisation. Ces nouvelles entreprises internationales son appelées à prendre une place remarquable au XXI siècle, car leur répercussion sur le progrès économique et social est significativement plus grande que celle d ’autres sortes d ’entreprises. Cependant, le succès international de ces entreprises passe par l’adoption d’une approche stratégique leur fournissant les outils nécessaires pour surmonter les dés qu’ils devront affronter, tenant compte de leurs limitations de recours. Ce travail explore les principaux aspects que cette approche stratégique doit couvrir, afin qu’elle puisse contribuer effectivement au succès de ces entreprises dans les marchés internationaux

An Analysis of Open Innovation Strategies in Firms in Low and Medium Technology Industries

Open innovation (OI) has been mainly associated with high-technology firms. This paper aims to analyze how firms in low and medium technology industries implement their OI strategy. In doing so, we explore common patterns in OI strategies by considering inbound, outbound, and coupled OI practices. We also examine whether there are differences in innovation performance among companies adopting a specific OI strategy. The study is carried out on a sample of 242 Spanish innovating companies. Based on the relevance of the different OI practices, we identify three types of OI firms: advanced open innovators, intermediate open innovators, and incipient open innovators. Our results reveal that advanced open innovators have a higher performance in product innovation, and that there are no differences among groups in process and organizational innovation

The relationship between external knowledge absorptive capacity and firm strategy: an exploratory analysis

En este trabajo se plantea que la capacidad de absorción de la empresa variará según sea la estrategia adoptada por esta. Para ello, partiendo de que la capacidad de absorción se desarrolla a través de la habilidad para adquirir, asimilar, transformar y explotar el conocimiento generado externamente, examinamos la importancia que tiene cada una de estas dimensiones en empresas que persiguen distintas estrategias. La información ha sido obtenida de una muestra compuesta por 81 empresas españolas fabricantes de pavimentos y revestimientos cerámicos. Los resultados muestran que la capacidad de adquirir conocimiento es mayor en las empresas exploradoras que en las defensoras y en las analizadoras, y que la capacidad de transformación y la capacidad de explotación son mayores en las empresas exploradoras que en las defensoras, no observándose diferencias en la capacidad de asimilación del conocimientoIn this work we raise that a firm’s absorptive capacity differs depending on the strategy being followed by the firm. We consider that absorptive capacity is formed by the ability to acquire, assimilate, transform and exploit the knowledge generated externally and examine the importance that each one of these dimensions has in compa- nies that adopt different strategies. The information has been obtained from a sample composed by 81 Spanish ce- ramic tiles firms. The results show that the ability to acquire knowledge is higher in prospectors than in defenders and analyzers, and that the transformation and exploitation abilities are higher in the prospector firms than in the de- fenders, whereas no differences are observed in the knowledge assimilation capacit

External knowledge search, absorptive capacity and radical innovation in high-technology firms

Open innovation and absorptive capacity are two concepts based on the idea that companies can leverage the knowledge generated externally to improve their innovation performance. The aim of this paper is to analyse the joint effect of open innovation and absorptive capacity on a firm's radical innovation. Open innovation is expressed in terms of external search breadth and depth strategies and absorptive capacity is described by distinguishing between potential and realized absorptive capacity. In order to test our hypotheses, we carried out empirical research in firms operating in high-technology industries. The results indicate that internal routines and processes for absorbing external knowledge help explain radical innovation as they show a significant effect of potential and realized absorptive capacity. Also, there is a moderating effect of absorptive capacity on open innovation. Specifically, potential absorptive capacity exerts a positive effect on the relationship between external search breadth and depth and radical innovation. Realized absorptive capacity moderates the influence of external search breadth. These findings confirm the complementary nature of absorptive capacity and open innovation search strategies on radical innovation

Salud ambiental en la subcuenca La Chaparrala, Colombia 2015

Objetivo Evaluar condiciones de salud ambiental subcuenca la Chaparrala, Andes-Colombia 2015.Método Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se indagó sobre condiciones sanitarias y ambientales de las viviendas, entorno inmediato y prejuicios acerca de la salud ambiental, en encuesta a 117 familias asentadas sobre eje principal de la quebrada y se analizó calidad fisicoquímica del agua.Resultados Predominó el hombre como jefe de hogar, cuatro personas en promedio por vivienda, 69 urbanas y 48 rurales, con permanencia mayor a 20 años en las primeras y menor a cinco años en las segundas. La mayoría, propias con escritura, con conexión 75 % al acueducto y 73 % al alcantarillado. En zona urbana predominó techo en losa y piso en baldosa, en la rural, teja de barro y piso en cemento y paredes en adobe en ambas zonas. El agua de la quebrada cumplió parámetros fisicoquímicos establecidos en el reglamento técnico del sector de agua potable y saneamiento básico, y resolución No. 2115 de 2007, excepto Turbiedad y Nitritos y se hallaron ocurrencias y concurrencias sobre salud ambiental.Discusión Las características sociodemográficas y condiciones ambientales y sanitarias de las viviendas y sus alrededores, son similares a las reportadas en encuesta de demografía y salud 2010, y en Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENDS) 2007. La quebrada puede seguir siendo fuente de abastecimiento para consumo humano con tratamiento convencional y como concurrencia, la salud ambiental con enfoque hacia el cuidado y protección del ambiente que difiere del concepto de Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Objective To assess environmental health conditions at La Chaparrala subbasin, in the Andes Mountains of Colombia, during 2015.Method Descriptive cross-sectional study on sanitary and environmental conditions of the dwellings, as well as on immediate environment, and environmental health prejudices. A survey was applied to 117 families settled in the main axis of the creek. The physicochemical quality of the water was analyzed.Results Men were predominant as head of household, with an average of four people per house. 69 of the houses were in the urban area, while 48 were rural; the permanencewas greater than 20 years for the first, and less than five years for the second. Most of the houses are owned with deeds, and 75 % of them had a connection to the aqueduct and 73 % to the sewer. The houses in the urban area were predominantly made of tile roof and tile floor, while rural houses were made of mud tile and concrete floor. Both types of construction had adobe walls. The water from the creek complied with the physicochemical parameters established in the technical regulation of the sector for drinking water and basic sanitation, and with resolution No. 2115 of 2007. Non-compliance was observed in turbidity and nitrite levels, and occurrences and concurrences on environmental health were found.Discussion The socio-demographic characteristics and environmental and health conditions of the dwellings and their surroundings are similar to those reported in Encuesta de Demografía y Salud 2010 (Demographic and Health Survey) and Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007 (2007 National Health Survey). The creek may continue to be a source for human consumption with conventional treatment and environmental health directed to care and protect the environment, differing from the concept of World Health Organization (WHO)

Environmental health at La Chaparrala subbasin, Colombia 2015

RESUMEN: Objetivo Evaluar condiciones de salud ambiental subcuenca la Chaparrala, Andes-Colombia 2015. Método Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, se indagó sobre condiciones sanitarias y ambientales de las viviendas, entorno inmediato y prejuicios acerca de la salud ambiental, en encuesta a 117 familias asentadas sobre eje principal de la quebrada y se analizó calidad fisicoquímica del agua. Resultados Predominó el hombre como jefe de hogar, cuatro personas en promedio por vivienda, 69 urbanas y 48 rurales, con permanencia mayor a 20 años en las primeras y menor a cinco años en las segundas. La mayoría, propias con escritura, con conexión 75 % al acueducto y 73 % al alcantarillado. En zona urbana predominó techo en losa y piso en baldosa, en la rural, teja de barro y piso en cemento y paredes en adobe en ambas zonas. El agua de la quebrada cumplió parámetros fisicoquímicos establecidos en el reglamento técnico del sector de agua potable y saneamiento básico, y resolución No. 2115 de 2007, excepto Turbiedad y Nitritos y se hallaron ocurrencias y concurrencias sobre salud ambiental. Discusión Las características sociodemográficas y condiciones ambientales y sanitarias de las viviendas y sus alrededores, son similares a las reportadas en encuesta de demografía y salud 2010, y en Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENDS) 2007. La quebrada puede seguir siendo fuente de abastecimiento para consumo humano con tratamiento convencional y como concurrencia, la salud ambiental con enfoque hacia el cuidado y protección del ambiente que difiere del concepto de Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).ABSTRACT: Objective To assess environmental health conditions at La Chaparrala subbasin, in the Andes Mountains of Colombia, during 2015. Method Descriptive cross-sectional study on sanitary and environmental conditions of the dwellings, as well as on immediate environment, and environmental health prejudices. A survey was applied to 117 families settled in the main axis of the creek. The physicochemical quality of the water was analyzed. Results Men were predominant as head of household, with an average of four people per house. 69 of the houses were in the urban area, while 48 were rural; the permanence was greater than 20 years for the first, and less than five years for the second. Most of the houses are owned with deeds, and 75 % of them had a connection to the aqueduct and 73 % to the sewer. The houses in the urban area were predominantly made of tile roof and tile floor, while rural houses were made of mud tile and concrete floor. Both types of construction had adobe walls. The water from the creek complied with the physicochemical parameters established in the technical regulation of the sector for drinking water and basic sanitation, and with resolution No. 2115 of 2007. Non-compliance was observed in turbidity and nitrite levels, and occurrences and concurrences on environmental health were found. Discussion The socio-demographic characteristics and environmental and health conditions of the dwellings and their surroundings are similar to those reported in Encuesta de Demografía y Salud 2010 (Demographic and Health Survey) and Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007 (2007 National Health Survey). The creek may continue to be a source for human consumption with conventional treatment and environmental health directed to care and protect the environment, differing from the concept of World Health Organization (WHO)

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019