Our blood would rise up & drive them away: Slaveholding Women of South Carolina in the Civil War

Southern slaveholding women during the Civil War are usually portrayed as either Eve or the Virgin Mary. They are either depicted as staunch patriotic wives and mothers who out of love suffered and sacrificed most of their worldly goods for the Cause, or as weak-willed creatures who gave up on the war, asked their men to come home, and concerned themselves with getting pretty dresses from the blockade runners and dancing at elaborate balls and bazaars. This latter view, which seems cut so superficially from Gone With the Wind, is nevertheless one that is common in Civil War scholarship today. Confederate women are seen as individuals who whimsically stopped supporting the war the moment it inflicted a moment of consumer inconvenience on them, leading historians to suggest that women, with their slipping morale, symbolized the weak Confederate nationalism that helped erode the will of Southern citizens to continue the war. It is thus imperative to understand the role of women in the South and their relationship to the war in order to understand if their actions helped to contribute to the defeat of the Confederacy

MS-071: Mamie Eisenhower Letters

This collection primarily consists of the letters of Mamie Eisenhower to her friends, Dr. J. Holt McCracken and his wife Vivien of California from 1961-1979. Also included are miscellaneous photographs and newspaper articles. The collection does not contain any information on Mamie prior to 1961 or contain references to her years as First Lady. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1065/thumbnail.jp

Enhancement of the nonlinear optical absorption of the E7 liquid crystal at the nematic-isotropic transition

We present an experimental study of the nonlinear optical absorption of the eutectic mixture E7 at the nematic-isotropic phase transition by the Z-scan technique, under a continuos wave excitation at 532 nm. In the nematic region, the effective nonlinear optical coefficient \beta for an extraordinary beam is negative and for an ordinary beam is positive, being null in the isotropic phase. The parameter S_{NL} defined in terms of the nonlinear absorption coefficients in a similar way than the optical order parameter from the linear dichoic ratio behavies like an order parameter with a critical exponent 0.22+-0.05, in good agreement with the tri-critical hipothesis of the N-I transition.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in the vol 42 of the Brazilian Jurnal of physic

Current Local Anesthetic Applications in Regional Anesthesia

Complete anesthesia is often described using terminology that pertains to the pharmacodynamic effects of the medications administered. This vocabulary often includes akinesia, analgesia, amnesia and hypnosis. Local anesthesia is more specific and represents the administration of an amide or ester local anesthetic, to affect analgesia, at or around the site of administration. Anesthesiologists employ a breadth of different clinical techniques that utilize local anesthetic medications. These techniques include topical, mucosal, endotracheal, intravenous, peripheral nerve block, epidural, and intrathecal (spinal) administration. Unique to the fields of anesthesiology and pain medicine, however, is the administration of epidural and intrathecal local anesthetic. Together, these routes are jointly referred to as neuraxial anesthesia and are often utilized to facilitate surgical intervention, labor analgesia, or pain therapy. The history of neuraxial local anesthetic administration is rich and intriguing. The anatomy of the spinal cord and surrounding structures is complex and pertinent to the pharmacologic discussion of neuraxial local anesthetic administration. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of local anesthetics, when administered via the neuraxial route, are unique and worthy of continued investigation. Much has been studied, but there is still more to be discovered. These topics will be the focus of our discussion

Actin assembly ruptures the nuclear envelope by prying the lamina away from nuclear pores and nuclear membranes in starfish oocytes.

The nucleus of oocytes (germinal vesicle) is unusually large and its nuclear envelope (NE) is densely packed with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) stockpiled for embryonic development. We showed that breakdown of this specialized NE is mediated by an Arp2/3-nucleated F-actin 'shell' in starfish oocytes, in contrast to microtubule-driven tearing in mammalian fibroblasts. Here, we address the mechanism of F-actin-driven NE rupture by correlated live-cell, super-resolution and electron microscopy. We show that actin is nucleated within the lamina sprouting filopodia-like spikes towards the nuclear membranes. These F-actin spikes protrude pore-free nuclear membranes, whereas the adjoining membrane stretches accumulate NPCs associated with the still-intact lamina. Packed NPCs sort into a distinct membrane network, while breaks appear in ER-like, pore-free regions. Thereby, we reveal a new function for actin-mediated membrane shaping in nuclear rupture that is likely to have implications in other contexts such as nuclear rupture observed in cancer cells

Crystal energy functions via the charge in types A and C

The Ram-Yip formula for Macdonald polynomials (at t=0) provides a statistic which we call charge. In types A and C it can be defined on tensor products of Kashiwara-Nakashima single column crystals. In this paper we prove that the charge is equal to the (negative of the) energy function on affine crystals. The algorithm for computing charge is much simpler and can be more efficiently computed than the recursive definition of energy in terms of the combinatorial R-matrix.Comment: 25 pages; 1 figur

The Elderly Poor in the EU’s New Member States. ENEPRI Research Reports No. 60, November 2008

To what extent is the financial position of the elderly in the NMS more vulnerable than that of the old member states (or the EU-15), due to a rather unfavourable starting point and the possible impact of pension reforms? This is the main issue of the current research report. It tries to delineate the vulnerability of the income position of elderly people in the NMS, in relation to the demographic, socio-economic and institutional context of these countries. More specifically, the report focuses on: - the current level of income of the elderly in the NMS, and the degree of relative poverty; - the way this position is related to the educational and labour market status of the elderly in the NMS, their retirement behaviour, institutional arrangements (notably the pension system), and demographic developments; - specific problems regarding the income position of possibly ‘marginal’ elderly groups in the NMS (such as single elderly female pensioners)

Cleaning the well from wax deposition by high-frequency and ultra high-frequency electromagnetic exposure

According to information over the world, production of high content paraffin oil is followed by a serious problem causing challenges in operation of wells. The problem is wax deposition on the inner surface of oil field equipment. The problem decreases system production and efficiency of operation of pumps, the failure of wells, control devices and oil collection and transportation systems. Wax deposition can lead to a complete closure of lifting pipes and annular channels in the interconnecting space, which causes the necessity of workovers to eliminate the wax deposition. This article describes the geophysical bases of the influence of high-frequency and ultra high-frequency electromagnetic fields for the heating and removal of wax from wells. Results of experimental studies of dielectric losses in wax samples of some oil fields are presented. Their dependence on frequency and temperature, as well as on the content of resins and asphaltenes in samples is established. The possibility of experimental determination of the melting point of wax by the data of dielectric studies is shown. Calculation studies of heating and melting the wax plugs in the oil pipeline were carried out under the influence of the type of electromagnetic waves capable of propagating in it as in a round waveguide. It is believed that the source of electromagnetic waves is moving. That allows overheating of the medium at some points and melts solid deposits along the entire length of a plug. Results of numerical studies allow monitoring the dynamics of heating and elimination of a wax plug by electromagnetic action