Germination of pine seed in weightlessness (investigation in Kosmos 782)

An investigation was made of the orientation of aboveground and underground organs of pine plants grown from seed in weightlessness. Orientation was found to be caused by the position of the seeds relative to the substrate surface. Normal growth was manifest only for the plants grown from seed oriented with embryo toward the substrate. Differences were noted between experiment and control as to the quantitative content of nucleoli in the meristematic cells of the rootlets and the shape of cells in the cotyledonous leaflets. No complete agreement was found between data obtained in weightlessness and when gravity was compensated (clinostat treatment with horizontal rotation)

Pine seed germination under weightlessness (a study of the Kosmos 782 satellite)

Orientation of the above and underground organs of pine plants, grown from seeds under weightlessness, was found to be determined by seed position on the substrate. Normal plant growth was observed only if the seed embryos were oriented toward the substrate. Some differences were noted between the experimental and control plants concerning the amount of nucleoli in the root meristematic cells and the cell shape in cotyledonous leaves. No complete similarity was found in experimental results obtained with plants under weightlessness and under compensated gravity. The seeds were obtained from Pinus silvestris, considered to be particularly suitable for this experiment

Using of Residual Number System as a Mathematical Basis for Software Defined Radio

Вступ. У традицiйному виглядi, програмно-визначена радiосистема (Software Defined Radio, SDR) являє собою обчислювальне ядро, обладнане приймально-передавальними блоками. З метою прискорення обчислювальних операцiй у системах SDR, пропонується у якостi математичної основи застосування системи залишкових класiв. Результати попереднiх дослiджень, що проводились рiзними групами вчених з метою пошукiв шляхiв пiдвищення продуктивностi обчислювальних засобiв, методiв органiзацiї ефективної системи виявлення та виправлення помилок, а також побудови надiйних обчислювальних комплексiв, дають можливiсть стверджувати, що в межах позицiйних систем числення не можна очiкувати принципових зрушень в даних напрямках без суттєвого збiльшення робочих частот i ускладнення апаратної частини. Перевагою пропонованого методу є те, що програмна радiосистема може складатися з декiлькох ПЛIС i обслуговувати декiлька незалежних радiоканалiв, а перепрограмування властивостей дозволяє змiнювати число i складовi процесу обробки повiдомлень в залежностi вiд поточних умов роботи. Метод дослiдження. В роздiлi проаналiзовано паралельнiсть арифметичнi операцiї у системi залишкових класiв. Цi операцiї називаються модульними, оскiльки для обробки числових значень використовують невеликi залишки дiлення на певний набiр модулiв, а для додавання i множення потрiбно лише один тактовий цикл роботи обчислювальної системи. Для перетворення чисел iз двiйкової системи у RNS використовується алгоритм, заснований на застосуваннi китайської теореми про залишки. Проте такi операцiї, як подiл, порiвняння двох чисел i виявлення знака, є складними i ресурсо-затратними в RNS. Для цих проблемних операцiй було запропоновано кiлька рiшень. Вони полягають у вiдсутностi процесу перетвореннi залишку в бiнарну систему (зворотне перетворення) шляхом застосування цифро-аналогових перетворювачiв у RNS. З iншого боку, вибiр правильного набору модулiв є ще одним важливим питанням для побудови ефективного RNS з достатнiм динамiчним дiапазоном. Результати та аналiз. Пiдводячи пiдсумки деяких результатiв, можна зазначити, що система класiв залишкiв дозволяє значно полiпшити параметри обчислювача у SDR, а особливо у функцiональному блоковi Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS) у порiвняннi з обчислювачем, побудованим на тiй же фiзичнiй i технологiчнiй основi, але в позицiйнiй обчислювальнiй системi, а також отримання нових бiльш прогресивних конструктивних i структурних рiшень. Експериментальнi результати показують, що представленi методи дають значнi переваги для цифрових фiльтрiв у SDR, якi характеризуються високим динамiчним дiапазоном i мають велику кiлькiстю ланок, особливо коли повнi перемножувачi не доступнi у цiльовiй архiтектурi FPGA, або коли цi перемножувачi повиннi використовуватися для рiзних цiлей. Висновки. Таким чином, запропонована система вносить явнi переваги перед iснуючими системами i показує переваги продуктивностi обчислювальних операцiй i може бути використана для побудови сучасних систем зв’язку. Запропонована архiтектура зменшує розмiри конвеєру суматорiв i перемножувачiв, що є дуже важливим фактором при розробцi високошвидкiсних SDR.Introduction. In the classic view, program-defined radio system (Software Defined Radio, SDR) is a central processor, equipped with receiving and transmitting units. In order to speed up computational operations in SDR systems it is proposed to use the system of residual classes as a mathematical basis. The results of research conducted by various groups of scientists in order to find ways to improve the performance of computing tools, methods of organizing an effective system for detecting and correcting errors, as well as building reliable computer systems, make it possible to assert that, within the limits of positional number systems, no fundamental changes can be expected in these areas without a significant increase in operating frequencies and hardware complications. The advantage of this method is that a software radio system can consist of several FPGAs and serve several independent radio channels, and reprogramming the properties allows you to change the number and components of message processors depending on current operating conditions. Research method. The equations in this section show the parallel nature of the RNS, free from bit transfers. These operations are called modular, because for it takes only one clock cycle to process the numerical values. To convert numbers from the binary position number system to RNS we use an algorithm based on the application of a distributed arithmetic. However, operations such as division, comparison of two numbers, and the detection of a sign are laborious and expensive in RNS Several decisions were proposed for these problem operations. They consist in the absence of the process of converting a residue into a binary system (reverse transformation) by using digital-to-analog converters in RNS. On the other hand, choosing the right set of modules is another important issue for building an effective RNS with a sufficient dynamic range. Results and analysis. Summing up some results, it can be noted that the system of residual classes allows to significantly improve the parameters of a computer in SDR especially in functional block a Direct Digital Synthesizers (DDS) in comparison with a computer built on the same physical and technological basis, but in a positional system calculation, and also to receive new more progressive constructive and structural solutions. The experimental results shows that the presented techniques offer interesting advantages for FIR filters characterized by high dynamic range and high number of taps especially when full custom multipliers are not available in the target FPGA architecture or when they must to be used for different purposes. Conclusion. Thus, the proposed system introduces clear advantages over existing systems and shows performance advantages and can be used to build modern communication systems. The proposed architecture reduces the size of the pipeline adders and multipliers which is a very important factor in the design SDR for fast work.В статье рассмотрены принципы построения и функционирования систем, определенных программным обеспечением (Software Defned Radio, SDR). С целью ускорения вычислительных операций в системах SDR предлагается применение системы остаточных классов в качестве математической основы построения систем. Преимуществом приведенного метода является то, что программная радиосистема может состоять из нескольких ПЛИС и обслуживать несколько независимых радиоканалов, а перепрограммирование свойств позволяет изменять число и составляющие процессоры сообщений в зависимости от текущих условий роботы. Приведены проблемы формирования выходного сигнала. Описаны особенности внедрения операций прямого и обратного преобразований с позиционных на непозиционые системы исчисления. Рассмотрена структурная модель SDR с прямыми цифровыми синтезаторами частоты, ЦАП, АЦП, цифровыми фильтрами в системе остаточных классов. Рассмотрены методы преобразования системы остаточных класов в аналоговый сигнал. Рассматриваются проблемы эффективного использования площади кристалла для SDR и уменьшения задержек в формировании выходного сигнала. Полученные результаты показывают широкие возможности применения программно определенной радиосистемы в системе остаточных классов

Роль нейтрофилов в патогенезе ишемического инсульта

Background. Immune responses and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Aim. To analyze the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Results. Data on the contribution of neutrophil granulocytes to the development of local sterile inflammation and secondary brain injury in acute ischemic stroke were summarized. Mechanisms of neutrophil influence on thrombosis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), protease release, and direct interaction with platelets with subsequent formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates were discussed. Available information on the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy and an association of changes in neutrophil activity with development of infectious complications of stroke were presented. In addition, research data were presented on the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis, which is one of the most important etiological factors in ischemic stroke. The review showed that the contribution of neutrophils to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is associated with implementation of their secretory, regulatory, and phagocytic functions, as well as with NETosis.Conclusion. It was shown that neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and modulate a response to treatment.Актуальность. Иммунные реакции и воспалительный процесс играют важную роль в патогенезе ишемического инсульта.Цель. На основании научных публикаций проанализировать вовлеченность нейтрофилов в патогенез ишемического инсульта.Результаты. Обобщены данные о вкладе нейтрофильных гранулоцитов в развитие локального асептического воспаления и вторичного повреждения мозга при остром инсульте. Обсуждены механизмы влияния нейтрофилов на процесс тромбообразования, образование нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек (нетоз), высвобождение протеаз и прямое взаимодействие с тромбоцитами с образованием лейкоцитарно-тромбоцитарных агрегатов. Приведены имеющиеся сведения об эффективности реперфузионной терапии, а также ассоциации изменений активности нейтрофилов с развитием инфекционных осложнений инсульта. Представлены данные исследований о вкладе нейтрофилов в атерогенез, являющийся одним из важнейших этиологических факторов ишемического инсульта. Показано, что участие нейтрофилов в патогенезе ишемического инсульта связано с реализацией их секреторных, регуляторных, фагоцитарных функций и с нетозом.Заключение. Установлено, что нейтрофилы принимают активное участие в патогенезе ишемического инсульта и модулируют ответ на лечение

Organizational model of the congress and exhibition cluster in the field of business travel

The relevance of the analyzed issue is caused by the growth of the international trade in the intensity of business travel services, including in the field of the congress and exhibition business, which necessitates the formation of the effective management model of business travel services at the destination level. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the formation algorithm of the cluster development strategy of tourism and the development of organizational functioning models of the congress and exhibition cluster in the destination. The leading approach to the study of this issue is the method of modeling, which allowed considering the practice of clusters functioning as a sequence of stages of its formation and development, taking into account the resource potential of destinations. Results: the article presents a stepwise algorithm for creating the congress and exhibition cluster in the destination and proves the fundamental organizational model for its functioning in the business tourism market; isolates and systematized criteria and indicators for assessing the contribution of participants of the tourism cluster in the destination development. The contents of this article may be useful for researchers, interested in the use of the cluster approach in the services sector, as well as to regional authorities, responsible for the development of tourism. © 2016 Karpova et al

Prerequisites for setting up management system in municipal retail trade

The relevance of the problem is determined by the number of complex problems that exist in present Samara municipal retail trade system, which is manifested in the lack of regulation, a glut of sales area, poorly developed infrastructure. The purpose of this article is to form a quantitative base for determining the municipal needs in the floor space. Leading method to study this problem is the method of empirical observations and mathematical modeling. The study results: the article contains the analysis of sales area availability on the example in the urban district and presents a quantitative method to determine predictive values for retail trade turnover. Practical significance: the paper is aimed to develop managerial decisions in the sphere of municipal trade regulation. © 2016 Suraeva et al

The influenza epidemic in Russia during the 2014–2015 season

The goal of this study was to compare the data on the intensity of the influenza A(H3N2) and B epidemic (especially the death toll) in the 2014–2015 season with the previous epidemic of the 2013-2014 season. The data on weekly morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza, and acute respiratory diseases in different age groups of inhabitants of 59 cities located in 7 Federal districts of the Russian Federation were collected using the database of the Research Institute of Influenza.Analysis of this data showed that the influenza epidemic in 2014-2015 began earlier (in December) compared to the epidemic of 2013-2014, and spread mainly from Europe through Russia to the East. The intensity of the epidemic of 2014-2015 was higher compared to the previous one. The epidemic was more prevalent by regions and cities and a wider engagement of different age groups (except children up to 2 years of age) was observed. At the peak of the epidemic, the morbidity level was higher, the average duration of the epidemic was longer, and the number of patients among cities’ inhabitants (especially among children 7-14 years of age and adults) was higher than in the previous season. The rates of hospitalization with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) among patients older than 65 years were also higher (1.4 times) as well as the frequency of hospitalization with a diagnosis of “influenza” (2.7 times) and the number of deaths from laboratory confirmed influenza (1.8 times).Although the influenza pandemic virus strain A(H1N1)pdm09 was not the main causative agent of the 2015 epidemic and was distributed sporadically it still remained the leading cause of deaths from influenza in the course of this epidemic (45.5% of all cases). The deaths associated with this strain were recorded only in the European part of Russian Federation.The goal of this study was to compare the data on the intensity of the influenza A(H3N2) and B epidemic (especially the death toll) in the 2014–2015 season with the previous epidemic of the 2013-2014 season. The data on weekly morbidity, hospitalization, deaths from influenza, and acute respiratory diseases in different age groups of inhabitants of 59 cities located in 7 Federal districts of the Russian Federation were collected using the database of the Research Institute of Influenza. Analysis of this data showed that the influenza epidemic in 2014-2015 began earlier (in December) compared to the epidemic of 2013-2014, and spread mainly from Europe through Russia to the East. The intensity of the epidemic of 2014-2015 was higher compared to the previous one. The epidemic was more prevalent by regions and cities and a wider engagement of different age groups (except children up to 2 years of age) was observed. At the peak of the epidemic, the morbidity level was higher, the average duration of the epidemic was longer, and the number of patients among cities’ inhabitants (especially among children 7-14 years of age and adults) was higher than in the previous season. The rates of hospitalization with influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) among patients older than 65 years were also higher (1.4 times) as well as the frequency of hospitalization with a diagnosis of “influenza” (2.7 times) and the number of deaths from laboratory confirmed influenza (1.8 times). Although the influenza pandemic virus strain A(H1N1)pdm09 was not the main causative agent of the 2015 epidemic and was distributed sporadically it still remained the leading cause of deaths from influenza in the course of this epidemic (45.5% of all cases). The deaths associated with this strain were recorded only in the European part of Russian Federation

Зависимость конкурентоспособности от управленя расходами на предприятии Украины

У статті подано деякі тлумачення конкурентоспроможності, обгрунтовано залежність конкурентоспроможності продукції від її ціни та собівартості, а також від управління витратами. Дано характеристику складу витрат та представлено структуру управління витратами.In this article is some interpretation of competitiveness, reasonably dependence of competitiveness of production on its price and prime cost, and also from cost management are submitted. The characteristic of structure of expenses is given and the cost management structure is presented.В статье поданы некоторые толкования конкурентоспособности, обоснованно зависимость конкурентоспособности продукции от ее цены и себестоимости, а также от управления расходами. Дана характеристика состава расходов и представлена структура управления расходами