Інтерактивний контроль при формоутворенні багатогабаритних деталей

Physical phenomenon of warping (springing) can be observed as a technological heritage after large-dimensional articles forming or curing and consequent cooling of composite articles. This phenomenon can be seen as gaps between ready article contour and forming jig contour. Deviation degree of ready article surface from theoretical contour and article dimensions has to be controlled during manufacturing. Application of auxiliary controlling jig leads to expenses and labor-manufacturability increasing. Possibility of application forming jig with inserted jet gages is considered for articles shape controlling. Such gages and realization of acoustic methods allow to control not only final article shape but also geometry on intermediate stages of manufacturing.Після формоутворення багатогабаритних листових деталей з листових механічних заготовок або полімеризації і охолодження деталей з композитних матеріалів проявляється технологічна спадковість у вигляді викривлення (пружнення). Це спостерігається у вигляді неприлягання готової деталі до формозадаючої поверхні технологічного оснащення. При контролі якості формозміни необхідно вимірювати ступінь порушення форми і розмірів. Застосування контрольної оснастки дорого і складно. Розглянуто можливість використання для контролю формозадаючої оснастки з встановленими в ній повітряними струминними датчиками. Такі датчики і застосування акустичних методів дозволяють контролювати не тільки кінцеву форму заготовки, а й форму заготовки на попередваріантних етапах формозміни

Vertebrate DNA in Fecal Samples from Bonobos and Gorillas: Evidence for Meat Consumption or Artefact?

Background: Deciphering the behavioral repertoire of great apes is a challenge for several reasons. First, due to their elusive behavior in dense forest environments, great ape populations are often difficult to observe. Second, members of the genus Pan are known to display a great variety in their behavioral repertoire; thus, observations from one population are not necessarily representative for other populations. For example, bonobos (Pan paniscus) are generally believed to consume almost no vertebrate prey. However, recent observations show that at least some bonobo populations may consume vertebrate prey more commonly than previously believed. We investigated the extent of their meat consumption using PCR amplification of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segments from DNA extracted from bonobo feces. As a control we also attempted PCR amplifications from gorilla feces, a species assumed to be strictly herbivorous. Principal Findings: We found evidence for consumption of a variety of mammalian species in about 16% of the samples investigated. Moreover, 40% of the positive DNA amplifications originated from arboreal monkeys. However, we also found duiker and monkey mtDNA in the gorilla feces, albeit in somewhat lower percentages. Notably, the DNA sequences isolated from the two ape species fit best to the species living in the respective regions. This result suggests that the sequences are of regional origin and do not represent laboratory contaminants. Conclusions: Our results allow at least three possible and mutually not exclusive conclusions. First, all results may represent contamination of the feces by vertebrate DNA from the local environment. Thus, studies investigating a species' diet from feces DNA may be unreliable due to the low copy number of DNA originating from diet items. Second, there is some inherent difference between the bonobo and gorilla feces, with only the later ones being contaminated. Third, similar to bonobos, for which the consumption of monkeys has only recently been documented, the gorilla population investigated (for which very little observational data are as yet available) may occasionally consume small vertebrates. Although the last explanation is speculative, it should not be discarded a-priori given that observational studies continue to unravel new behaviors in great ape species

Full- & Reduced-Order State-Space Modeling of Wind Turbine Systems with Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator

Wind energy is an integral part of nowadays energy supply and one of the fastest growing sources of electricity in the world today. Accurate models for wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are of key interest for the analysis and control design of present and future energy systems. Existing control-oriented WECSs models are subject to unstructured simplifications, which have not been discussed in literature so far. Thus, this technical note presents are thorough derivation of a physical state-space model for permanent magnet synchronous generator WECSs. The physical model considers all dynamic effects that significantly influence the system's power output, including the switching of the power electronics. Alternatively, the model is formulated in the $(a,b,c)$- and $(d,q)$-reference frame. Secondly, a complete control and operation management system for the wind regimes II and III and the transition between the regimes is presented. The control takes practical effects such as input saturation and integral windup into account. Thirdly, by a structured model reduction procedure, two state-space models of WECS with reduced complexity are derived: a non-switching model and a non-switching reduced-order model. The validity of the models is illustrated and compared through a numerical simulation study.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figure