Laser wavelength selector and output coupler

Optical system eliminates displacement occurring when wavelengths are selected in multiple wavelength laser utilizing intracavity wavelength selection by first-order Littrow reflection of plane grating. Output coupling varies direction of output beam as different wavelengths are selected by grating rotation

The Community Chest : Should Cosmetic Surgery Debt or the Value of Enhancements Be Considered Marital Property upon Divorce

Article published in the Michigan State University School of Law Student Scholarship Collection

Tropospheric HO2 determination by FAGE

The detection efficiency is greatest at low pressures, where the subsequent removal of the HO product by the NO reagent (via HO + NO + M yields HONO + M) is relatively slow. Moreover, nozzle expansion of the air from ambient to low pressures produces a turbulent zone that assists in mixing the reagent with the sample. If the HO product is observed by laser-excited fluorescence, then the other advantages of low-pressure detection by FAGE (Fluorescence Assay with Gas Expansion) also apply. The FAGE instrumental response was calibrated to external HO2 by observing NO decay in the photolysis of HO-CH2O mixtures and by choosing conditions in which HO2 + NO is the only significant NO destruction path. HO2 was determined in urban air

Bulletin No. 383 - Cooperative Nutritional Status Studies in the Western Region: I. Nutrient Intake

In 1947, a concerted study of the nutritional status of selected population groups was initiated in the western region of the United States. Previous dietary surveys had indicated that substantial portions of the country\u27s population were consuming lower than recommended levels of essential nutrients. Deficiency diseases that may have nutritional background, such as dental caries, anemia, and rickets, existed. Investigators reported subclinical signs of malnutrition in several areas. Few studies had been made in the West, although reports of high incidence of dental caries and suspected undernutrition had come from several western states. The regional committee thought it evident that the presence of endemic nutritional deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses should be investigated within the western region, and their causes in environmental factors or food habits should be studied. Such conditions might be widespread and cross state lines. Hence the regional approach was appropriate

Genetic implications of reduced survival of male red deer \u3ci\u3eCervus elaphus\u3c/i\u3e under harvest

We use simple, multivariate evolutionary models to evaluate the short-term potential for size-selective harvest to reduce genetic variability and alter life history in cervids. These genetic effects limit sustainable levels of harvest of the animals because they determine how changes in sex ratio, generation length and traits contributing to fitness influence population growth rate and local adaptation. Our analysis of harvest-mediated adaptive evolution employs a genetic approach that parameterizes models with empirical data obtained from European red deer Cervus elaphus. The analysis indicates that harvest, if sufficiently high to reduce the breeding ratio of males to females to below about 15:100, can reduce effective population size to a level that threatens adaptive potential. The reduction in effective size is realized through decreases in both sex ratio of breeders and the age of breeding males. Predicted selective effects of harvest on body size indicates a weak potential to alter most life-history traits over 10 generations under two harvest scenarios; the patterns suggest that current modes of harvest are unlikely to produce substantial life-history changes in red deer over 10 or fewer generations unless the genetic influences on red deer traits are considerably higher than those predicted here. Nevertheless, male reproductive success is expected to decline detectably if male harvest rate is sufficiently high (\u3e30%). Collectively, our results imply that harvest methods should permit higher post-hunt male:female ratios (18:100 or higher) and ensure that a sufficient number of larger, older males survive the breeding season. The capacity of selective harvest to alter demography and life history depends heavily on the genetic covariance structure underlying variation in these traits, information that is unknown for many red deer populations. Prudent harvest management should therefore implement and monitor approaches to hunting that aim to conserve life-history variation; meanwhile, use of less selective methods can reduce the risk to long-term adaptive potential and may permit higher sustainable harvest rates

Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Emergence of Partitioned Land Use Among Human Foragers

Taking inspiration from the archaeology of the Texas Coastal Plain (TCP), we develop an ecological theory of population distribution among mobile hunter-gatherers. This theory proposes that, due to the heterogeneity of resources in space and time, foragers create networks of habitats that they access through residential cycling and shared knowledge. The degree of cycling that individuals exhibit in creating networks of habitats, encoded through social relationships, depends on the relative scarcity of resources and fluctuations in those resources. Using a dynamic model of hunter-gatherer population distribution, we illustrate that increases in population density, coupled with shocks to a biophysical or social system, creates a selective environment that favors habitat partitioning and investments in social mechanisms that control the residential cycling of foragers on a landscape. Our work adds a layer of realism to Ideal Distribution Models by adding a time allocation decision process in a variable environment and illustrates a general variance reduction, safe-operating space tradeoff among mobile human foragers that drives social change

Smooth-muscle-associated contractile protein in renal mesenchymal tumour cells and in transformed cells from DMN-injected rats.

Cryostat sections and established in vitro cultures of dimethylnitrosamine(DMN)-induced renal mesenchymal tumours and monolayer cultures of transformed kidney cells derived from rats treated with a carcinogenic dose of DMN were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody. Eight mesenchymal tumours examined showed filamentous cytoplasmic staining of spindle cells infiltrating between renal tubules, whilst in normal kidneys interstitial cells were only weakly positive. In established in vitro cultures from 6 mesenchymal tumours, different patterns of staining were observed in morphologically different cell forms, ranging from fine filamentous staining in giant cells to diffuse cytoplasmic fluorescence in small bipolar cells, and cell outline staining in polygonal cells. In addition filamentous staining of microvillous projections and nucleolar staining were observed in some tumour cells. Monolayer cultures of transformed kidney cells showed strong staining of coarse, randomly-orientated cytoplasmic filaments, whilst fibroblasts cultured from normal rat kidney demonstrated an ordered array of fine, parallel filaments. Specificity of the immunofluorescent staining reaction was established by failure to obtain staining with normal serum, with smooth muscle antibody serum neutralized by homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. These results indicate that there is an apparent increase of actin-like contractile microfilaments in transformed cells and in renal mesenchymal tumours. The cytoplasmic contracile microfilaments in these cells may play a role in tumour cell mobility and invasion

Interference suppression in HO fluorescence detection

In this Letter we report preliminary results on a sampling method that greatly reduces the above interferences relative to hydroxyl fluorescence

The role of metabolic remodeling in macrophage polarization and its effect on skeletal muscle regeneration

Macrophages are crucial for tissue homeostasis. Based on their activation, they might display classical/M1 or alternative/M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). M2 macrophages upregulate arginase-1 and reduce NO and ROS levels; they also release anti-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and polyamines, thus promoting angiogenesis and tissue healing. Moreover, M1 and M2 display key metabolic differences; M1 polarization is characterized by an enhancement in glycolysis and in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) along with a decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), whereas M2 are characterized by an efficient OxPhos and reduced PPP. Recent Advances: The glutamine-related metabolism has been discovered as crucial for M2 polarization. Vice versa, flux discontinuities in the Krebs cycle are considered additional M1 features; they lead to increased levels of immunoresponsive gene 1 and itaconic acid, to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-downregulation and to succinate, citrate, and isocitrate over-expression

Pressure dependence of ozone interference in the laser fluorescence measurement of OH in the atmosphere [comment]

The authors comment on the paper by Shirinzadeh et al. (Applied Optics, vol. 26, p. 2102, 1987). They point out three errors which caused the overprediction of spurious HO data