Observation and Modeling of Source Effects in Coda Wave Interferometry at Pavlof Volcano

We examine seismic records of repeating explosions from Pavlof volcano, Alaska, during its 2007 eruption. Repetitive explosions are typical of Strombolian-style eruptions and allow measurement of relative time shifts between similar late-arriving phases using the technique called coda wave interferometry (Snieder et al., 2002). The measurements enable the detection of small changes in the volcanic interior of Pavlof. We are able to resolve an increase in the relative traveltime change of late-arriving seismic waves on the order of 0.3% over the course of two weeks. Based on the spectra of the explosions, their location inside the magma conduit, previous studies of Pavlof volcano, and 3D seismic modeling, we argue the most likely scenario is one in which the velocity and/or the geometry of the conduit changes. This demonstrates the sensitivity of coda wave interferometry to source effects, in addition to path effects, at volcanoes

Opinions on rehabilitation care of young adults with transversal upper limb reduction deficiency in their transition to adulthood

PURPOSE: Young adults with transversal upper limb reduction deficiency experience limitations regarding education, employment and obtaining a driver's license. Contribution of rehabilitation care within these domains has been reported to be inadequate. This study evaluates the needs and suggestions of participants in rehabilitation care. METHODS: Two online focus groups with young adults and parents met during 4 consecutive days. Health care professionals joined a face-to-face focus group. Data analysis was based on framework analysis. RESULTS: The rehabilitation team was mainly consulted for problems with residual limb or for prostheses. Young adults and their parents were mostly unaware of resources regarding education, job selection or obtaining a driver's license. Professionals stated that these subjects were addressed during periodic appointments. Young adults didn't always attend these appointments due to limited perceived benefit. To improve rehabilitation care, participants suggested methods for providing relevant information, facilitating peer contact and offering dedicated training programs to practice work-related tasks, prepare for job interviews or enhance self-confidence. CONCLUSION: Periodic appointments do not fulfil needs of young adults with transversal upper limb reduction deficiency. To improve care, rehabilitation teams should offer age-relevant information, share peer stories, and create dedicated training programs

Nasal hyperreactivity and inflammation in allergic rhinitis

The history of allergic disease goes back to 1819, when Bostock described his own ‘periodical affection of the eyes and chest’, which he called ‘summer catarrh’. Since they thought it was produced by the effluvium of new hay, this condition was also called hay fever. Later, in 1873, Blackley established that pollen played an important role in the causation of hay fever. Nowadays, the definition of allergy is ‘An untoward physiologic event mediated by a variety of different immunologic reactions’. In this review, the term allergy will be restricted to the IgE-dependent reactions. The most important clinical manifestations of IgE-dependent reactions are allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. However, this review will be restricted to allergic rhinitis. The histopathological features of allergic inflammation involve an increase in blood flow and vascular permeability, leading to plasma exudation and the formation of oedema. In addition, a cascade of events occurs which involves a variety of inflammatory cells. These inflammatory cells migrate under the influence of chemotactic agents to the site of injury and induce the process of repair. Several types of inflammatory cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. After specific or nonspecific stimuli, inflammatory mediators are generated from cells normally found in the nose, such as mast cells, antigen-presenting cells and epithelial cells (primary effector cells) and from cells recruited into the nose, such as basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, platelets and neutrophils (secondary effector cells). This review describes the identification of each of the inflammatory cells and their mediators which play a role in the perennial allergic processes in the nose of rhinitis patients

Complex Odor from Plants under Attack: Herbivore's Enemies React to the Whole, Not Its Parts

Background: Insect herbivory induces plant odors that attract herbivores ’ natural enemies. Assuming this attraction emerges from individual compounds, genetic control over odor emission of crops may provide a rationale for manipulating the distribution of predators used for pest control. However, studies on odor perception in vertebrates and invertebrates suggest that olfactory information processing of mixtures results in odor percepts that are a synthetic whole and not a set of components that could function as recognizable individual attractants. Here, we ask if predators respond to herbivoreinduced attractants in odor mixtures or to odor mixture as a whole. Methodology/Principal Findings: We studied a system consisting of Lima bean, the herbivorous mite Tetranychus urticae and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. We found that four herbivore-induced bean volatiles are not attractive in pure form while a fifth, methyl salicylate (MeSA), is. Several reduced mixtures deficient in one component compared to the full spider-mite induced blend were not attractive despite the presence of MeSA indicating that the predators cannot detect this component in these odor mixtures. A mixture of all five HIPV is most attractive, when offered together with the noninduced odor of Lima bean. Odors that elicit no response in their pure form were essential components of the attractive mixture. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that the predatory mites perceive odors as a synthetic whole and that th

Лексична лакуна як об'єкт лінгвістичних досліджень

В статье осуществлен теоретический обзор проблемы лакунарности, как одного из основных вопросов при реконструкции языковой картины мира. Представлена классификация лексических лакун на материале сопоставления украинского, русского и английского языка.В статті зроблено теоретичний огляд проблеми лакунарності як одного з основних питань при реконструкції мовної картини світу. Представлена класифікація лексичних лакун на матеріалі зіставлення української, російської та англійської мови.This paper is a theoretical review on lacunarity as one of the main problems in reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world. A classification of lexical lacunae has been suggested using the material of comparison of the Ukrainian, Russian and English languages

Effect of Fluticasone propionate Aqueous Nasal Spray Treatment on Platelet Activating Factor and Eicosanoid Production By nasal Mucosa in Patients with A house Dust Mite Allergy

The relationship between the release of platelet activating factor (PAF), leukotriene C4/D4/EE (LTC4/D4/E4) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) from nasal mucosa in vivo was examined in 24 rhinitis patients allergic to the house dust mite (HDM). During a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study 200 μg fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) was administered twice daily for two weeks. In response to allergen provocation (100, 1 000, 10 000 Bu/ml) and during the 9.5 h after this challenge the nasal fluid was obtained by washing the nose with saline and the levels of PAF, LTC4/D4/E4 and PGD2, as indicators of mediator release, were measured at the following time-points: baseline (t = − 1/2), allergen provocation with 10 000 Bu/ml (t = 0), 3.5 and 7.5 h (late phase). After allergen provocation the levels of the mediators increased in the nasal fluids of placebo treated patients (x-fold increase to baseline: PAF, 15; LTC4/D4/E4, 12; PGD2, 1.5). In fluids of patients treated with FPANS these levels tended to decrease. At the time of provocation the levels of PAF, LTC4/D4/E4 and PGD2 showed a significant correlation. The results indicate that these mediators can be used as markers of allergic reactions against house dust mites and that fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray tended to reduce the release of mediators of inflammation correlated with beneficial effects on clinical symptoms in this type of allergic reactions

Interplay of erythropoietin, fibroblast growth factor 23, and erythroferrone in patients with hereditary hemolytic anemia

Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) was identified as regulator of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Proteolytic cleavage of biologically active intact FGF23 (iFGF23) results in the formation of C-terminal fragments (cFGF23). An increase in cFGF23 relative to iFGF23 suppresses FGF receptor signaling by competitive inhibition. EPO lowers the i:cFGF23 ratio, thereby overcoming iFGF23-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis. We investigated EPO-FGF23 signaling and levels of erythroferrone (ERFE) in 90 patients with hereditary hemolytic anemia (www.trialregister.nl [NL5189]). We show, for the first time, the importance of EPO-FGF23 signaling in hereditary hemolytic anemia: there was a clear correlation between total FGF23 and EPO levels (r = +0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.89), which persisted after adjustment for iron load, inflammation, and kidney function. There was no correlation between iFGF23 and EPO. Data are consistent with a low i:cFGF23 ratio. Therefore, as expected, we report a correlation between EPO and ERFE in a diverse set of hereditary hemolytic anemias (r = +0.47; 95% CI, 0.14-0.69). There was no association between ERFE and total FGF23 or iFGF23, which suggests that ERFE does not contribute to the connection between FGF23 and EPO. These findings open a new area of research and might provide potentially new druggable targets with the opportunity to ameliorate ineffective erythropoiesis and the development of disease complications in hereditary hemolytic anemias