Profil bactériologique du pied diabétique et son impact sur le choix des antibiotiques

Introduction: Analyse du profil bactériologique des pieds diabétiques pris en charge à l'hôpital militaire de Rabat et son influence sur l'antibiothérapie de première intention. Méthodes : Etude prospective non randomisée étalée sur 18 mois, ayant concerné 105 patients. Après recueil des données et en attente des  résultats bactériologiques nos patients ont été divisés en deux groupes: un groupe a été mis sous Amoxicilline + Acide clavulanique + Gentamycine (59 patients) et un groupe sous Ertapénème±Gentamycine (46 patients). Résultats : L'étude a regroupé 85 hommes et 20 femmes (sexe  ratio=4.26). L'âge moyen est de 64.4 ans. La gangrène a été observée chez 79% des malades ; elle était humide-donc surinfectée en principe- dans 43% des cas. Par ailleurs, 67% des malades ont un chiffre de globules blancs 12000 définissant une infection sévère. L'ostéolyse a été mise en évidence chez 27% de nos patients. Parmi les différentes  techniques de prélèvements: 81% ont été profonds dont 21% de biopsie osseuse per opératoire et 14% de prélèvements combinés. 42% de ces prélèvements sont poly microbiens et 21% sont stériles. Les résultats bactériologiques viennent confirmer la prédominance des bactéries  aérobies à Gram positif. Le taux de remplacement de l'Ertapénème est de 22% contre un taux de 50% pour l'Amoxiclav.Conclusion : L'antibiothérapie ne doit être instaurée qu'en cas d'infection du pied diabétique diagnostiquée sur les critères cliniques établis par les consensus internationaux récents. Le respect des mesures de lutte contre la diffusion de la résistance bactérienne s'avère primordiale

In Vitro Activities of Ertapenem and Imipenem against Clinical Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Collected in Military Teaching Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat

Objective. To study the sensitivity level of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae to Carbapenems (Imipenem, Ertapenem) marketed in Morocco and discusses the place of Ertapenem in the treatment of extended spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of 110 extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Isolates obtained from blood cultures, superficial and deep pus, and catheters were conducted. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Imipenem and Ertapenem were done by the E-test. The modified Hodge test was conducted for resistant or intermediate strains. Results. 99.1% of isolates were susceptible to Imipenem. For Ertapenem, 4 were resistant and 4 intermediate. The modified Hodge test was positive for all 08 isolates. A minimum inhibitory concentration comparison of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and E. coli for Imipenem has noted a significant difference between E. cloacae on one hand and E. coli, K. pneumoniae on the other hand (<0.01). No significant difference was noted for minimum inhibitory concentration of Ertapenem. Conclusion. Our results confirm in vitro effectiveness of Ertapenem against extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae as reported elsewhere. However, the emergence of resistance to Carbapenems revealed by production of carbapenemases in this study confirmed a necessary bacteriological documented infection before using Ertapenem

Profils de sensibilité des isolats de Staphylococcus aureus Etude rétrospective sur Huit ans dans un hôpital d’instruction

Les infections à S aureus en particulier, le Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la meticilline (SARM), pose un réel problème de santé publique.Elles sont responsables d’une morbidité et d’une mortalité importantes. Le but de ce travail consiste à déterminer le profil épidémiologique des SARM, et à décrire la cinétique des SARM. Entre Janvier 2007 et décembre 2014, nous avons colligé 1124 isolats reçus au laboratoire de bactériologie de L’Hôpital Militaire Mohammed Vde Rabat. La culture et l’identification ont été faites selon les techniques conventionnelles. Les tests de sensibilité ont été réalisés selon les recommandations de CA-SFM. L’étude de la sensibilité a révélé que 8,7% des isolats étaient résistants à la méticilline. Ces SARM ont été isolés majoritairement à partir des pus 51,3%, des hémocultures 13.3%. L’analyse de ces résultats a montré que l’antibiotique le plus actif reste les glycopeptides, suivi par la rifampicine 61,3%, Si le taux des SARM dans notre structure reste faible, le taux de résistance est élevé. Ces deux indicateurs pourraient être réduits, en renforçant les mesures d’hygiène et en maîtrisant l’utilisation des antibiotiques.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Epidémiologie et état actuel des résistances Etude retrospective sur trois ans

Objectifs : Ce travail a pour objectif, l’étude de l’épidémiologie locale des infections à P.aeruginosa, ainsi que  l’état actuel de sa résistance aux antibiotiques.Matériel et méthodes : C’est une étude rétrospective, descriptive, qui s’étalait sur 3ans (Avril 2012- Mars 2015), portant sur les isolats de P.aeruginosa colligés au niveau du laboratoire de bactériologie de l’H.M.I.M.V à Rabat.Résultats : Au total, 9868 bactéries ont été isolées durant la période d’étude, dont 730 P.aeruginosa (7,40%). les services sont représentés essentiellement par  la réanimation-soins intensifs  et les services de brulés (31,1%). Ces souches provenaient principalement des pus (27,1%) suivis des prélèvements broncho-pulmonaires (24,5%) et des urines (17 ,9%). Ces trois sites ont fourni 69,5% des isolats.Les molécules les plus actives étaient la ceftazidime 82%, le pipéracilline+ tazobactam 75,8%, l’imipénème 73,8%, céfepime 68,6%. La sensibilité aux aminosides était respectivement amikacine 80,8%, tobramycine 78,9%, gentamicine 70,5%. Celui de la ciprofloxacine est de 78,9%. Aucune souche n’était résistante à la colistine.La prévalence des isolats multi-résistants était de 8,4% enregistrée essentiellement en réanimation et dans le service des brulés.Conclusion : le taux de P.aeruginosa constitue toujours un problème de santé publique essentiellement au niveau des services de réanimation et de soins intensifs, vu sa fréquence et ses taux de résistances assez élevé, ainsi des mesures d’hygiènes associées à une optimisation de l’antibiothérapie sont nécessaires pour stopper sinon réduire l’évolution des taux de résistances

Clonal diversity and detection of carbapenem resistance encoding genes among multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from patients and environment in two intensive care units in a Moroccan hospital

Background Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has recently been defined by the World Health Organization as a critical pathogen. The aim of this study was to compare clonal diversity and carbapenemase-encoding genes of A. baumannii isolates collected from colonized or infected patients and hospital environment in two intensive care units (ICUs) in Morocco. Methods The patient and environmental sampling was carried out in the medical and surgical ICUs of Mohammed V Military teaching hospital from March to August 2015. All A. baumannii isolates recovered from clinical and environmental samples, were identified using routine microbiological techniques and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion method. The carbapenemase-encoding genes were screened for by PCR. Clonal relatedness was analyzed by digestion of the DNA with low frequency restriction enzymes and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on two selected isolates from two major pulsotypes. Results A total of 83 multidrug-resistant A. baumannii isolates were collected: 47 clinical isolates and 36 environmental isolates. All isolates were positive for the bla OXA51-like and bla OXA23-like genes. The coexistence of bla NDM-1 /bla OXA-23-like and bla OXA 24-like /bla OXA-23-like were detected in 27 (32.5%) and 2 (2.4%) of A. baumannii isolates, respectively. The environmental samples and the fecally-colonized patients were significantly identified (p < 0.05) as the most common sites of isolation of NDM-1-harboring isolates. PFGE grouped all isolates into 9 distinct clusters with two major groups (0007 and 0008) containing up to 59% of the isolates. The pulsotype 0008 corresponds to sequence type (ST) 195 while pulsotype 0007 corresponds to ST 1089.The genetic similarity between the clinical and environmental isolates was observed in 80/83 = 96.4% of all isolates, belonging to 7 pulsotypes. Conclusion This study shows that the clonal spread of environmental A. baumannii isolates is related to that of clinical isolates recovered from colonized or infected patients, being both associated with a high prevalence of the bla OXA23-like and bla NDM-1genes. These findings emphasize the need for prioritizing the bio-cleaning of the hospital environment to control and prevent the dissemination of A. baumannii clonal lineages

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Septic arthritis of the ankle: Do not forget Pasteurella pneumotropica

Pasteurella pneumotropica is an important bacterial pathogen in both animals and humans. Most reported Pasteurella infections in humans involve skin and soft tissues, often after an animal bite, scratch, or lick to an open wound. We report a case of septic arthritis with Pasteurella pneumotropica in a diabetic and cardiopathic patient who was the victim of a rat bite in the street, with a good evolution after medical and surgical treatment

Serious phlegmonous lesion of the hand following an injury by vegetal thorn: Never forget Pasteurella multocida!

Pasteurella multocida can cause serious infections after dog or cat bite. We report here a rare case of hand infection caused by P. multocida consecutive to an injury by a thorn of the prickly pear. It caused an amputation of the distal phalanx of the thumb in a trisomic patient. It is about a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital with swelling and intense pain of the left hand. He reported a sting by a thorn of prickly pear 15 days before. The patient was admitted to proceed with operative irrigation and debridement. The pus was collected for microbiological examination. Microscopic examination after Gram staining revealed small Gram-negative coccobacilli, associated to polymorphonuclear reaction. Culture have objectivated Pasteurella multocida. The isolated strain was susceptible to betalactamins. Patient was treated with ampicillin. Well-conducted antibiotics and repetitive local cares have not prevented local lesions from progressing to necrosis of the soft parts of the thumb and osteitis of the distal phalanx of the thumb. The patient underwent a necrosectomy and an amputation of the distal phalanx. Ampicillin was replaced by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and after 15 days, progression was clinically and microbiologically favorable. In the case we report, since the patient does not report any exposure or contact with animals, the thorn prick is the source of infection. It was contaminated from the animal reservoir. Taking into account the monomicrobism of the infection, treatment with aminopenicillins was sufficient. Our propositus came to the hospital 15 days after the inoculation of the bacterium. This duration appears to be very late in relation to the acute character of pasteurellosis. This was probably the main reason why the local infection evolved towards osteoarticular complications. That's why, we should consider Pasteurella multocida in case of infection by inoculation, even in the absence of contact with the animals