An Improved Holding Chamber for the Measurement of Oxygen Consumption in Mice

An apparatus is described which has been useful in classroom demonstrations and for research in metabolic studies of mice. The unique feature of this modification of basic metabolators is a standard taper ground glass joint

Assessing the feasibility and impact of an adapted resistance training intervention, aimed at improving the multi-dimensional health and functional capacity of frail older adults in residential care settings: protocol for a feasibility study

Background Frailty is a common and clinically significant condition in older adults, predominantly due to its association with adverse health outcomes such as hospitalisation, disability and mortality. Exercise interventions have been shown to be a beneficial treatment for frail older adults. However, more high-quality studies are needed within this area to assess the feasibility and impact of these interventions in frail geriatric populations within different settings, and with regards to their impact on broader aspects of health and wellbeing. Methods This study will utilise an interventional, randomised, controlled research design in order to assess the feasibility (acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation, integration, expansion) and potential impact (limited-efficacy testing) of a specially adapted resistance training intervention; aimed at improving the multi-dimensional health and functional capacity of frail geriatric care home residents. Discussion The most immediate implication of this research from a scientific perspective is informing the feasibility, and potential efficacy, of a proposed future clinical trial within this setting. Additionally, if the study proves feasible, and the limited-efficacy testing proves positive, this study also has the potential to lead to advancement in the care for frail geriatric populations within residential care settings; and the ability to measurably improve various aspects of health and functional capacity within this population. This study has been granted a favourable ethical opinion by the London Harrow NHS Research Ethics Committee and is sponsored by the University of Birmingham. The findings of this study will be disseminated through publication in open access scientific journals, public engagement events, online via social media, conference presentations and directly to study participants

Pathways for nutrient loss to water with emphasis on phosphorus

Teagasc wishes to acknowledge the support of the Environmental Research Technological Development and Innovation (ERTDI) Programme under the Productive Sector Operational Programme which was financed by the Irish Government under the National Development Plan 2000-2006.End of project reportThe main objective of this project was to study phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land under a range of conditions in Ireland, to quantify the main factors influencing losses and make recommendations on ways to reduce these losses. This report is a synthesis of the main conclusions and recommendations from the results of the studies. The final reports from the individual sub-projects in this project are available from the EPA (www.epa.ie).Environmental Protection Agenc

Pre-deployment programmes for building resilience in military and frontline emergency service personnel

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the effectiveness of pre-deployment programmes for building resilience in military and front-line emergency service personnel

Increased Susceptibility to Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Colitis in the T Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Heterozygous Mouse

T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP / PTPN2) is an enzyme that is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and that participates in the control of cell proliferation, and inflammation. We previously observed that TC-PTP−/− mice display various immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity to LPS and die within three weeks of birth due to anemia and widespread inflammation. A recent analysis of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCC) genome wide scan data, reported in 2007, indicated a potential role for TC-PTP in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To further investigate the potential role of TC-PTP in IBD, we studied heterozygous TC-PTP mutant mice challenged with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water. In comparison to control animals, we observed significant changes in the colon mucosa of DSS-treated TC-PTP+/− mice, in the ratio of colon to body weight, as well as an up-regulation of mRNA transcripts for IL-6, IL-23, 1L-12β, IFN-γ, TNF-α. Moreover, up-regulation of serum IL-6 levels in DSS-treated TC-PTP+/− mice confirms that mice with a single copy of the TC-PTP gene display increased susceptibility to systemic inflammation due to bowel epithelial erosion resulting from DSS challenge. Our findings support the lack of modulation of Janus kinases 1 and 3 (Jak1, Jak3), and the downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,3 and 5 (Stat1, Stat3, Stat 5) by PTPN2 in the development of IBD like condition. Pathological and molecular analysis reveal that the deficiency of TC-PTP results in pro-inflammatory condition in the bowel of heterozygous TC-PTP+/− mice. These novel findings in TC-PTP hemi-deficiency support the hypothesis that TC-PTP is an important regulator of inflammatory cytokine signaling and that it may be implicated in the pathophysiology of IBD

Experimentally validated dynamic results of a relaxation type quarter car suspension with an adjustable damper

Models of varying degree of sophistication are used in vehicle dynamic studies. For ride comfort, Kelvin-Voigt arrangement is preferred and for impact harshness analysis, a relaxation type suspension model, Zener or Maxwell type is used. The non-consideration of relaxation type models in ride comfort studies can result in significant errors for frequencies below ~30Hz. The object of the paper is to show the influence of the series stiffness on the effective suspension damping both experimentally and numerically. A frequency domain analysis of 2- DOF Zener quarter car model is performed to find the complex relation between effective damping coefficient and the limiting value of damping ratio for a given series stiffness. The nonlinear relation between shock absorber damping and the natural frequencies is clearly illustrated. A novel four post rig setup is used to validate the results by measuring transmissibilities, giving damping ratios for varying shock absorber settings. A closed form solution, based on a simplified partial model, of optimal damping coefficient, which is a nonlinear function of stiffnesses, shows good agreement with numerical simulations of the complete system. The nonlinearities in shock absorbers also influence the outcome. These findings can be a great value at early design stage

Mapping the undergraduate dermatology curriculum – a useful tool towards implementation of national recommendations

Despite the high prevalence of skin complaints in primary and secondary care, dermatology undergraduate (UG) education remains inconsistent across medical schools. The British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) published a revised national undergraduate curriculum in 2016 to guide UK medical schools on minimum competencies required in dermatology. A curriculum mapping study was conducted to determine the alignment of the BAD UG curriculum with the dermatology curriculum of the University of Nottingham (UoN) School of Medicine. Of the 70 intended learning outcomes (ILOs) for dermatology in the medical school, 55 (79%) were mapped to the BAD curriculum, 14 (20%) required modifications to align them with the BAD ILOs, 2 BAD outcomes were unspecified in the current curriculum, and 1 outcome overlapped with others and was deemed redundant. Curriculum mapping is a useful tool to standardise local dermatology ILOs to national recommendations and provides transparency to stakeholders for implementation of the dermatology curriculum

Early emergence of CD19-negative human antibody secreting cells at the plasmablast to plasma cell transition

Long-lived human plasma cells (PCs) play central roles in immunity and autoimmunity and are enriched amongst the subpopulation of CD19-negative human PCs. However, whether human CD19-negative PCs are necessarily ″aged″ cells that have gradually lost CD19 expression is not known. Assessing peripheral blood samples at steady state and during the acute response to influenza vaccination in healthy donors we identify the presence of phenotypic CD19-negative plasmablasts, the proliferative precursor state to mature PCs, and demonstrate by ELISpot that these are antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). During the acute response to influenza vaccination CD19-positive, CD19-low and CD19-negative ASCs secrete vaccine-specific antibody and show linked IGHV repertoires. To address precursor/product relationships we employ in vitro models which mimic both T-dependent and T-independent differentiation finding that the CD19-negative state can be established at the plasmablast to PC transition, that CD19-negative PCs increase as a percentage of surviving PCs in vitro, and that CD19-negative and CD19-positive PCs can be maintained independently. These data provide proof-of-principle for the view that newly generated ASCs can acquire a mature PC phenotype accompanied by loss of CD19 expression at an early stage of differentiation and that ″aging″ is not an obligate requirement for a CD19-negative state to be established

Risk Factors for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Women Under Age 45

Little is known about the etiologic profile of triple-negative breast cancer (negative for estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor), a breast cancer subtype associated with high mortality and inadequate therapeutic options. We undertook this study to assess the risk for triple-negative breast cancer among women 45 years of age and younger in relation to demographic/lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and oral contraceptive use. Study participants were ascertained in two previous population-based, case-control studies. Eligible cases included all primary invasive breast cancers among women ages 20 to 45 years in the Seattle-Puget Sound area, diagnosed between January 1983 and December 1992, for whom complete data was obtained for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor status (n = 897; including n = 187 triple-negative breast cancer cases). Controls were age matched and ascertained via random digit dialing. Oral contraceptive use >/=1 year was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk for triple-negative breast cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.3) and no significantly increased risk for non-triple-negative breast cancer (Pheterogeneity = 0.008). Furthermore, the risk among oral contraceptive users conferred by longer oral contraceptive duration and by more recent use was significantly greater for triple-negative breast cancer than non-triple-negative breast cancer (Pheterogeneity = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Among women /=1 year was 4.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.3), whereas there was no significantly increased risk with oral contraceptive use for non-triple-negative breast cancer among women </=40 years, nor for triple-negative breast cancer or non-triple-negative breast cancer among women 41 to 45 years of age. In conclusion, significant heterogeneity exists for the association of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk between triple-negative breast cancer and non-triple-negative breast cancer among young women, lending support to a distinct etiology