Very high titanium content mesoporous silicas

Titanium content in mesoporous titanosilicate catalysts has been modulated up to a minimum Si/Ti value of 1.9 by using complexing agents able to coordinate both Si and Ti atoms and harmonize the reactivity of the resulting precursors avoiding subsequent phase segregation and leading to chemically very homogeneous materials.El Haskouri, Jamal, [email protected] ; Beltran Porter, Aurelio, [email protected] ; Beltran Porter, Daniel, [email protected] ; Amoros del Toro, Pedro Jose, [email protected]

Experimental assessment of ignition characteristics of lubricating oil sprays related to low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI)

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211013268[EN] Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) remains one of the challenges of Direct Injection (DI) Spark Ignition (SI) engines due to its potential to induce a heavy knock. Several mechanisms have been identified in the literature as plausible causes for LSPI. The physical and chemical properties of lubricant oils play a role on some of these causes. The present work aims at getting an independent procedure to determine the proneness of lubricant oils to ignite. To this end, the ignition delay (ID) of different oil formulations is experimentally determined in a constant-pressure flow facility through two different optical techniques: Schlieren and OH* chemiluminescence imaging. The investigation explores the effect of base-stock formulation, oil specification quality level, different additive types content, aging, and oxidation on oil reactivity for several thermodynamic conditions. Differences in ignition delay were found among base stocks, correlating with the American Petroleum Institute (API) group classification. However, no significant differences were found among additive packages previously reported to yield different LSPI occurrences. Hence, differences in reactivity among lubricating oil formulations are not the determining factor explaining their different LSPI occurrences in an engine. Similarly, specific lubricant additive content, aging, and oxidation do not importantly modify the measured ignition delay.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Part of the experimental hardware used in this work was purchased through funds obtained from IDIFEDER/2018/037 ``Diagnostico optico a alta velocidad para el estudio de procesos termo-fluidodinamicos en sistemas de inyeccion.''Tormos, B.; García-Oliver, JM.; Carreres, M.; Moreno-Montagud, C.; Domínguez, B.; Cárdenas, MD.; Oliva, F. (2022). Experimental assessment of ignition characteristics of lubricating oil sprays related to low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). International Journal of Engine Research. 23(8):1327-1338. https://doi.org/10.1177/146808742110132681327133823

Generalized “one-pot” preparative strategy to obtain highly functionalized silica-based mesoporous spherical particles

In this work we present a synthesis strategy for the preparation of Stöber-type mesoporous particles functionalized with inorganic species. The procedure is based on a combination of the Atrane and the Stöber methods. Both as a source of silicon and of the incorporated heteroelements (Fe, Zn, Al, Ti) the corresponding atrane complexes are used as hydrolytic reagents. These complexes are easily formed by reaction with triethanolamine. Mesoporosity is achieved using surfactant micelles as templates. Obtaining uniform spherical particles is achieved by optimizing the amount of water-ethanol in the reaction medium. The particle sizes have been modulated by controlling simple parameters such as reaction time or temperature. The incorporation of inorganic species is on many occasions incompatible with the preservation of spherical morphology, resulting in heterogeneous particles in shape and size and even phase segregation for high functionalization degrees. The methodology that we propose makes it possible to achieve a high concentration of highly dispersed heteroelements (even at molecular level), maintaining, to a large extent, both sphericity and particle size homogeneity. The Si/M molar ratios achieved are significantly lower (greater functionalization) than those usually reported in the literature. The strategy is generalizable for the incorporation of a great variety of elements, and specially for first row transition elements

Edición del apeo y repartimiento de Beas de Guadix (Granada)

Tras unas notas introductorias y algunas consideraciones sobre aspectos codicológicos, paleográficos y diplomáticos del manuscrito ofrecemos la edición del Apeo y Repartimiento de Beas de Guadix (Granada) llevado a cabo el Apeo en el año 1572 (lo estudiamos a través de una copia de 1766) y el Repartimiento, documento original que aunque está completo carece de datación. Esta edición permitirá a los historiadores e interesados en el tema de la repoblación del Reino de Granada después de la expulsión de los moriscos, el conocimiento de un buen número de datos que serán de su utilidad.After some introductory notes and considerations about the codicologic, paleographic, and diplomatic features of the manuscript, this work presents the edition of the Description of Boundaries and Allotment of Beas de Guadix (Granada). The Description of Boundaries was carried out in 1572, but the present study has been done through a copy dated in 1766. The Allotment, however, is an original and complete document, although it has no date. This edition will allow historians and those interested in the subject to know of many useful data about the resettlement of the Kingdom 6f Granada after the expulsion of the Moriscos.Après quelques notes d'introduction et quelques considerations sur des aspects codicologiques, paléographiques et diplomatiques du manuscrit, nous offrons l'édition de l'Arpentage et de la Répartition de Beas de Guadix (Grenade): le premier a été réalisé en 1572 -nous l'étudions à travers une copie de 1766- et la deuxième -document original et complet- manque de date. Cette édition va permettre, aux historiens et aux studieux ayant un intérêt sur le sujet du repeuplement du Royaume de Grenade après l'expulsion des morisques, la connaissance d'un grand nombre de données qui leur seront d'utilité

The Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus after a Telecare Approach Are Not Inferior to Traditional Outpatient Clinic Visits

Objective. To evaluate the feasibility of a telemedicine system based on Internet and a short message service in pregnancy and its influence on delivery and neonatal outcomes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods. 100 women diagnosed of GDM were randomized into two parallel groups, a control group based on traditional face-to-face outpatient clinic visits and an intervention group, which was provided with a Telemedicine system for the transmission of capillary glucose data and short text messages with weekly professional feedback. 97 women completed the study (48/49, resp.). Main Outcomes Measured. The percentage of women achieving HbA1c values <5.8%, normal vaginal delivery and having a large for-gestational-age newborn were evaluated. Results. Despite a significant reduction in outpatient clinic visits in the experimental group, particularly in insulin-treated women (2.4 versus 4.6 hours per insulin-treated woman resp.; P < .001), no significant differences were found between the experimental and traditional groups regarding HbA1c levels (all women had HbA1c <5.8% during pregnancy), normal vaginal delivery (40.8% versus 54.2%, resp.; P > .05) and large-for-gestational-age newborns (6.1% versus 8.3%, resp.; P > .05). Conclusions. The system significantly reduces the need for outpatient clinic visits and achieves similar pregnancy, delivery, and newborn outcomes

Highly active hydrogenation catalysts based on Pd nanoparticles dispersed along hierarchical porous silica covered with polydopamine as interfacial glue

New catalysts based on Pd(0) nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on a bimodal porous silica of the UVM-7/polydopamine (PDA) support have been synthesized following two preparative strategies based on the sequential or joint incorporation of two components of the composite (Pd and PDA). We analyzed the role played by the PDA as 'interfacial glue' between the silica scaffold and the Pd NPs. The catalysts were tested for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol using (NEt4)BH4 as the hydrogenating agent. In addition to the palladium content, the characterization of the catalysts at the micro and nanoscale has highlighted the importance of different parameters, such as the size and dispersion of the Pd NPs, as well as their accessibility to the substrate (greater or lesser depending on their entrapment level in the PDA) on the catalytic efficiency. Staged sequential synthesis has led to better catalytic results. The most active Pd(0) centers seem to be Pd NPs of less than 1 nm on the PDA surface. The efficiency of the catalysts obtained is superior to that of similar materials without PDA. A comprehensive comparison has been made with other catalysts based on Pd NPs in a wide variety of supports. The TOF values achieved are among the best described in the literature

Liberación de sustancias en células senescentes

La invención trata de nanodispositivos para la liberación controlada de sustancias que comprenden un soporte recubierto por oligosacáridos, donde dichos oligosacáridos comprenden al menos 3 unidades de monosacáridos, y donde al menos uno de los monosacáridos es galactosa. Estos nanodispositivos liberan su carga de manera específica en células senescentes. La invención también recoge su procedimiento de obtención y sus usosPeer reviewedUniversidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Rara

Glucose-triggered release using enzyme-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles

[EN] A new gated nanodevice design able to control cargo delivery using glucose as a trigger and cyclodextrin-modified glucose oxidase as a capping agent is reported.Financial support from the Spanish Government (projects MAT2012-38429-C04-01 and CTQ2011-24355), Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2009/016), UPV (project SP20120795) and Ramon y Cajal Programme (to R. V.) is gratefully acknowledged.Aznar Gimeno, E.; Villalonga, R.; Giménez Morales, C.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Díez, P.... (2013). Glucose-triggered release using enzyme-gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Chemical Communications. 49(57):6391-6393. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc42210kS639163934957Coll, C., Bernardos, A., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2012). Gated Silica Mesoporous Supports for Controlled Release and Signaling Applications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 46(2), 339-349. doi:10.1021/ar3001469Aznar, E., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2009). Controlled release using mesoporous materials containing gate-like scaffoldings. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 6(6), 643-655. doi:10.1517/17425240902895980Cotí, K. K., Belowich, M. E., Liong, M., Ambrogio, M. W., Lau, Y. A., Khatib, H. A., … Stoddart, J. F. (2009). Mechanised nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nanoscale, 1(1), 16. doi:10.1039/b9nr00162jKresge, C. T., Leonowicz, M. E., Roth, W. J., Vartuli, J. C., & Beck, J. S. (1992). Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism. Nature, 359(6397), 710-712. doi:10.1038/359710a0Lai, C.-Y., Trewyn, B. G., Jeftinija, D. M., Jeftinija, K., Xu, S., Jeftinija, S., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2003). A Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere-Based Carrier System with Chemically Removable CdS Nanoparticle Caps for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release of Neurotransmitters and Drug Molecules. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(15), 4451-4459. doi:10.1021/ja028650lPark, C., Oh, K., Lee, S. C., & Kim, C. (2007). Controlled Release of Guest Molecules from Mesoporous Silica Particles Based on a pH-Responsive Polypseudorotaxane Motif. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(9), 1455-1457. doi:10.1002/anie.200603404Casasús, R., Climent, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Ruiz, E. (2008). Dual Aperture Control on pH- and Anion-Driven Supramolecular Nanoscopic Hybrid Gate-like Ensembles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(6), 1903-1917. doi:10.1021/ja0756772Liu, R., Liao, P., Liu, J., & Feng, P. (2011). Responsive Polymer-Coated Mesoporous Silica as a pH-Sensitive Nanocarrier for Controlled Release. Langmuir, 27(6), 3095-3099. doi:10.1021/la104973jCliment, E., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Soto, J., Maquieira, A., & Amorós, P. (2010). Controlled Delivery Using Oligonucleotide-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(40), 7281-7283. doi:10.1002/anie.201001847Mal, N. K., Fujiwara, M., & Tanaka, Y. (2003). Photocontrolled reversible release of guest molecules from coumarin-modified mesoporous silica. Nature, 421(6921), 350-353. doi:10.1038/nature01362Fu, Q., Rao, G. V. R., Ista, L. K., Wu, Y., Andrzejewski, B. P., Sklar, L. A., … López, G. P. (2003). Control of Molecular Transport Through Stimuli-Responsive Ordered Mesoporous Materials. Advanced Materials, 15(15), 1262-1266. doi:10.1002/adma.200305165Aznar, E., Mondragón, L., Ros-Lis, J. V., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., … Amorós, P. (2011). Finely Tuned Temperature-Controlled Cargo Release Using Paraffin-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(47), 11172-11175. doi:10.1002/anie.201102756Bringas, E., Köysüren, Ö., Quach, D. V., Mahmoudi, M., Aznar, E., Roehling, J. D., … Stroeve, P. (2012). Triggered release in lipid bilayer-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing SPION using an alternating magnetic field. Chemical Communications, 48(45), 5647. doi:10.1039/c2cc31563gPatel, K., Angelos, S., Dichtel, W. R., Coskun, A., Yang, Y.-W., Zink, J. I., & Stoddart, J. F. (2008). Enzyme-Responsive Snap-Top Covered Silica Nanocontainers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(8), 2382-2383. doi:10.1021/ja0772086Schlossbauer, A., Kecht, J., & Bein, T. (2009). Biotin-Avidin as a Protease-Responsive Cap System for Controlled Guest Release from Colloidal Mesoporous Silica. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(17), 3092-3095. doi:10.1002/anie.200805818Park, C., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Kim, C. (2009). Enzyme Responsive Nanocontainers with Cyclodextrin Gatekeepers and Synergistic Effects in Release of Guests. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(46), 16614-16615. doi:10.1021/ja9061085Bernardos, A., Mondragón, L., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Amorós, P. (2010). Enzyme-Responsive Intracellular Controlled Release Using Nanometric Silica Mesoporous Supports Capped with «Saccharides». ACS Nano, 4(11), 6353-6368. doi:10.1021/nn101499dAgostini, A., Mondragón, L., Bernardos, A., Martínez-Máñez, R., Marcos, M. D., Sancenón, F., … Murguía, J. R. (2012). Targeted Cargo Delivery in Senescent Cells Using Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51(42), 10556-10560. doi:10.1002/anie.201204663Schlossbauer, A., Warncke, S., Gramlich, P. M. E., Kecht, J., Manetto, A., Carell, T., & Bein, T. (2010). A Programmable DNA-Based Molecular Valve for Colloidal Mesoporous Silica. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(28), 4734-4737. doi:10.1002/anie.201000827Climent, E., Bernardos, A., Martínez-Máñez, R., Maquieira, A., Marcos, M. D., Pastor-Navarro, N., … Amorós, P. (2009). Controlled Delivery Systems Using Antibody-Capped Mesoporous Nanocontainers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(39), 14075-14080. doi:10.1021/ja904456dZhao, Y., Trewyn, B. G., Slowing, I. I., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2009). Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Based Double Drug Delivery System for Glucose-Responsive Controlled Release of Insulin and Cyclic AMP. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(24), 8398-8400. doi:10.1021/ja901831uHolzinger, M., Bouffier, L., Villalonga, R., & Cosnier, S. (2009). Adamantane/β-cyclodextrin affinity biosensors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 24(5), 1128-1134. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.029Oliver, N. S., Toumazou, C., Cass, A. E. G., & Johnston, D. G. (2009). Glucose sensors: a review of current and emerging technology. Diabetic Medicine, 26(3), 197-210. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02642.xWu, Q., Wang, L., Yu, H., Wang, J., & Chen, Z. (2011). Organization of Glucose-Responsive Systems and Their Properties. Chemical Reviews, 111(12), 7855-7875. doi:10.1021/cr200027jXu, Y., Pehrsson, P. E., Chen, L., Zhang, R., & Zhao, W. (2007). Double-Stranded DNA Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hybrids for Optical Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose Sensing. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(24), 8638-8643. doi:10.1021/jp0709611Song, C., Pehrsson, P. E., & Zhao, W. (2006). Optical enzymatic detection of glucose based on hydrogen peroxide-sensitive HiPco carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Research, 21(11), 2817-2823. doi:10.1557/jmr.2006.0343Badugu, R., Lakowicz, J. R., & Geddes, C. D. (2004). Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring of Physiological Glucose Using a Monosaccharide-Sensing Contact Lens. Analytical Chemistry, 76(3), 610-618. doi:10.1021/ac030372

A sensitive nanosensor for the in situ detection of the cannibal drug

[EN] A bio-inspired nanodevice for the selective and sensitive fluorogenic detection of 3,4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), usually known as Cannibal drug, is reported. The sensing nanodevice is based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), loaded with a fluorescent reporter (rhodamine B) and functionalized on their external surface with a dopamine derivative (3), which specifically interacts with the recombinant human dopamine transporter (DAT), capping the pores. In the presence of MDPV, DAT detaches from the MSNs consequently causing rhodamine B release and allowing drug detection. The nanosensor shows a detection limit of 5.2 µM and it is able to detect the MDPV drug both in saliva and blood plasma samples.The authors thank the Spanish Government (projects RTI2018-100910-B-C41 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE) and CTQ2017-87954-P) and the Generalitat Valencia (PROMETEO/2018/024) for support. E.G. is grateful to the Spanish MEC for her FPU grant. M.A. thanks her postdoctoral fellowship (PAID -10-17). The authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service at the UPV for support.Garrido-García, EM.; Alfonso-Navarro, M.; Díaz De Greñu-Puertas, B.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Costero, AM.; Gil Grau, S.; Sancenón Galarza, F.... (2020). A sensitive nanosensor for the in situ detection of the cannibal drug. ACS Sensors. 5(9):2966-2972. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c01553S2966297259World drug report United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Inform; 2019.European drug report Trends and Developments. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA). Inform; 2019.Zawilska, J. B., & Wojcieszak, J. (2013). Designer cathinones—An emerging class of novel recreational drugs. Forensic Science International, 231(1-3), 42-53. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.015Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2012). 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): Chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicology Letters, 208(1), 12-15. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.002Coppola, M., & Mondola, R. (2012). Synthetic cathinones: Chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as «bath salts» or «plant food». Toxicology Letters, 211(2), 144-149. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.009Oliver, C. F., Palamar, J. J., Salomone, A., Simmons, S. J., Philogene-Khalid, H. L., Stokes-McCloskey, N., & Rawls, S. M. (2018). Synthetic cathinone adulteration of illegal drugs. Psychopharmacology, 236(3), 869-879. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5066-6Riley, A. L., Nelson, K. H., To, P., López-Arnau, R., Xu, P., Wang, D., … Hall, F. S. (2020). Abuse potential and toxicity of the synthetic cathinones (i.e., «Bath salts»). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 110, 150-173. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.015Ibáñez, M., Pozo, Ó. J., Sancho, J. V., Orengo, T., Haro, G., & Hernández, F. (2015). Analytical strategy to investigate 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) metabolites in consumers’ urine by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408(1), 151-164. doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9088-1Colon-Perez, L. M., Pino, J. A., Saha, K., Pompilus, M., Kaplitz, S., Choudhury, N., … Febo, M. (2018). Functional connectivity, behavioral and dopaminergic alterations 24 hours following acute exposure to synthetic bath salt drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone. Neuropharmacology, 137, 178-193. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.031Eshleman, A. J., Nagarajan, S., Wolfrum, K. M., Reed, J. F., Swanson, T. L., Nilsen, A., & Janowsky, A. (2018). Structure-activity relationships of bath salt components: substituted cathinones and benzofurans at biogenic amine transporters. Psychopharmacology, 236(3), 939-952. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5059-5Glennon, R. A., & Young, R. (2016). Neurobiology of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP). Brain Research Bulletin, 126, 111-126. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.011Kraemer, M., Boehmer, A., Madea, B., & Maas, A. (2019). Death cases involving certain new psychoactive substances: A review of the literature. Forensic Science International, 298, 186-267. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.021Liveri, K., Constantinou, M. A., Afxentiou, M., & Kanari, P. (2016). A fatal intoxication related to MDPV and pentedrone combined with antipsychotic and antidepressant substances in Cyprus. Forensic Science International, 265, 160-165. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.017Marinetti, L. J., & Antonides, H. M. (2013). Analysis of Synthetic Cathinones Commonly Found in Bath Salts in Human Performance and Postmortem Toxicology: Method Development, Drug Distribution and Interpretation of Results. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 37(3), 135-146. doi:10.1093/jat/bks136Freni, F., Bianco, S., Vignali, C., Groppi, A., Moretti, M., Osculati, A. M. M., & Morini, L. (2019). A multi-analyte LC–MS/MS method for screening and quantification of 16 synthetic cathinones in hair: Application to postmortem cases. Forensic Science International, 298, 115-120. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.036Peiró, M. de las N., Armenta, S., Garrigues, S., & de la Guardia, M. (2016). Determination of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in oral and nasal fluids by ion mobility spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408(12), 3265-3273. doi:10.1007/s00216-016-9395-1Cheng, S.-Y., Ng-A-Qui, T., Eng, B., & Ho, J. (2017). Detection of cathinone and mephedrone in plasma by LC-MS/MS using standard addition quantification technique. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s40543-017-0128-7Glicksberg, L., Bryand, K., & Kerrigan, S. (2016). Identification and quantification of synthetic cathinones in blood and urine using liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight (LC-Q/TOF) mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, 1035, 91-103. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.027Mercieca, G., Odoardi, S., Cassar, M., & Strano Rossi, S. (2018). Rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cathinones, amphetamine-like stimulants and other new psychoactive substances in blood and urine by GC–MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 149, 494-501. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.024Gerace, E., Caneparo, D., Borio, F., Salomone, A., & Vincenti, M. (2019). Determination of several synthetic cathinones and an amphetamine‐like compound in urine by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Method validation and application to real cases. Journal of Separation Science, 42(8), 1577-1584. doi:10.1002/jssc.201801249Woźniak, M. K., Banaszkiewicz, L., Wiergowski, M., Tomczak, E., Kata, M., Szpiech, B., … Biziuk, M. (2019). Development and validation of a GC–MS/MS method for the determination of 11 amphetamines and 34 synthetic cathinones in whole blood. Forensic Toxicology, 38(1), 42-58. doi:10.1007/s11419-019-00485-yJoshi, M., Cetroni, B., Camacho, A., Krueger, C., & Midey, A. J. (2014). Analysis of synthetic cathinones and associated psychoactive substances by ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Science International, 244, 196-206. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.033Peters, J. R., Keasling, R., Brown, S. D., & Pond, B. B. (2016). Quantification of Synthetic Cathinones in Rat Brain Using HILIC–ESI-MS/MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. doi:10.1093/jat/bkw074Williams, M., Martin, J., & Galettis, P. (2017). A Validated Method for the Detection of 32 Bath Salts in Oral Fluid. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 41(8), 659-669. doi:10.1093/jat/bkx055Diestelmann, M., Zangl, A., Herrle, I., Koch, E., Graw, M., & Paul, L. D. (2018). MDPV in forensic routine cases: Psychotic and aggressive behavior in relation to plasma concentrations. 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