Review: Microbial degradation of toluene

Zephirus environment is polluted by the toluene from profuse range industries. In spite of positive potential application, toluene results in many mishaps especially health hazards; hence amputation of toluene is crucial for human welfare as well as environmental issues. This review deals with destruction of toluene using microbial degradation. The overall aerobic biodegradation of toluene into carbon dioxide, water and biomass by bacteria, fungi and mixed culture has been studied comprehensively. Biodegradation technique has a promising prospective for the reason that it results in effective and economical treatment than traditional techniques. The amputation of toluene contributes to an assortment of various techniques utilized at various levels of investigation which are characterized based on quantification techniques. A comparison of the removal capacity based on continuous and batch mode of operations was studied proficiently. This methodology opens up a window for future exploration in field of biodegradation of toluene.Key words: Toluene, biodegradation, microorganism, health hazards, bioreactor

Clinical Profile and Evaluation of New Onset Seizure in Adults

BACKGROUND : Seizures beginning in adult life are likely to be an identifiable cause as compared to those beginning in childhood which are more likely to be idiopathic. OBJECTIVES : To study the clinical profile and analyze the etiological agents of New Onset Seizures. MATERIAL AND METHODS : This Descriptive study done in the KMC hospital to know the various etiologies in patients presented with new onset seizures. In these cases history and clinical examination and special investigations like CT BRAIN, MRI BRAIN, EEG, SEROLOGY, CSF ANALYSIS were done to find out the etiology. RESULTS : Out of 100 patients 55% were males,45%were females with male to female ratio of 1.2 : 1. Majority of males were in 2nd decade and females were in 4th decade. Patients age ranged from 18 yrs to 80 yrs, with the mean of 40.11years with 77% of the patients were in the below 50 yrs. Alcohol withdrawal was the leading cause of seizures which account for 34% followed by idiopathic seizures (29%), neuro infection (16%), CVA 12% and metabolic (9%). CONCLUSION : From the present study "Clinical Profile and Evaluation of New Onset Seizure" the following conclusions were made. 1. Underlying etiologies were made in acute symptomatic seizures which contributed to 79%. 2. Majority of seizures occurred in patients <50 yrs of age. 3. Etiological spectrum were varied and included alcohol withdrawal, neuro infection, CVA, metabolic. 4. Alcohol withdrawal accounted for significant number of seizures in all the age groups. 5. Tuberculoma is most common cause of seizures in neuroinfection. 6. Infarct is most common cause of seizures in CVA patients. 7. Hypoglycemia is an important cause of seizures in metabolic seizures. Alcohol withdrawal is the most common cause of seizure in new onset seizure patients who coming to KMCH

Effectiveness of oral sucrose on level of pain during DPT immunization among infants at selected hospital, Salem.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Oral Sucrose on Level of Pain during DPT Immunization among Infants at a Selected Hospital, Salem. Objectives:To assess the level of pain during DPT immunization among infants in experimental and control group. To determine the effectiveness of oral sucrose on level of pain during DPT immunization among infants in experimental and control group. To associate the level of pain during DPT immunization among infants in experimental and control group with their selected demographic variables. Operational Definitions Effectiveness Effectiveness refers to the reduced level of pain among infants in experimental group when compared to control group as measured by modified REILY infant pain Assessment Scale. Oral sucrose Oral sucrose refers to 24% sucrose solution (2ml) given to infants prior to administration of DPT immunization. DPT Immunization It is a vaccine administered intra muscularly in vastus lateralis to prevent DPT. Pain Pain refers to an unpleasant experience observed in the infant during injection as measured by using modified REILY infant pain assessment scale (facial expression, body movement, activity, cry, consolability). Infants Infants refer to the babies of 6 - 14 weeks of age receiving DPT immunization. Hypotheses H1: There will be significant difference in level of pain among infants in experimental and control group after oral sucrose administration during DPT immunization at P < 0.05 level. H2: There will be significant association between the level of pain during DPT immunization among infants in experimental and control group with their selected demographic variables at p<0.05 level. Delimitations: The study was limited to the infants receiving DPT immunization. The study period was limited to only 4 weeks. The sample size was limited to 60 samples. Projected Outcome This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of oral sucrose on level of pain during DPT immunization among infants. Findings of the study will enable to administer oral sucrose in the way of pain management

Study Of Mechanical Properties Of Aluminium Lm25 Using Stir Casting Method

The present study deals with the behaviour of aluminium hybrid alloy based composites, reinforced with fly ashnbsp particles and solid lubricants such as activated carbon .The first one of the composites consists of Al. with fly ash particlesnbsp and activated carbon. The other composite has Al with fly ash and solid lubricant: activated carbon at solid state. Both composites are fabricated through lsquoStir Casting Methodrsquo. Mechanical properties of the samples are measured by usual methods such as Hardness,Tensile .The tested samples are examined using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) for the characterization of microstructure on the surface of composites. The Main Aim is to be results of the proposed Hybrid composites are compared with Al based metal matrix composites at corresponding values of test parameters

Roman and inverse roman domination in network of triangles

In graph G (V, E), a function f : V → {0, 1 2} is said to be a Roman Dominating Function (RDF). If ∀u ∈ V, f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v ∈ V such that f(v) = 2. The weight of f is given by w(f) = P v∈V f(v). The Roman Domination Number (RDN) denoted by γR(G) is the minimum weight among all RDF in G. If V −D contains a RDF f 1 : V → {0, 1, 2}, where D is the set of vertices v, f(v) > 0, then f 1 is called Inverse Roman Dominating Function (IRDF) on a graph G with respect to the RDF f. The Inverse Roman Domination Number (IRDN) denoted by γ 1 R(G) is the minimum weight among all IRDF in G. In this paper we find RDN and IRDN of few triangulations graphs.Publisher's Versio

Thin bed masonry system: review and future prospects

Masonry is one of the most ancient construction materials in the World. When compared to other civil engineering practices, masonry construction is highly labour intensive, which can affect the quality and productivity adversely. With a view to improving quality and in light of the limited skilled labour in the recent times several innovative masonry construction methods such as the dry stack and the thin bed masonry have been developed. This paper focuses on the thin bed masonry system, which is used in many parts of Europe. Thin bed masonry system utilises thin layer of polymer modified mortars connecting the accurately dimensioned and/or interlockable units. This assembly process has the potential for automated panelised construction system in the industry setting or being adopted in the site using less skilled labour, without sacrificing the quality. This is because unlike the conventional masonry construction, the thin bed technology uses thinner mortar (or glue) layer which can be controlled easily through some novel methods described in this paper. Structurally, reduction in the thickness of the mortar joint has beneficial effects; for example it increases the compressive strength of masonry; in addition polymer added glue mortar enhances lateral load capacity relative to conventional masonry. This paper reviews the details of the recent research outcomes on the structural characteristics and construction practices of thin bed masonry. Finally the suitability of thin bed masonry in developing countries where masonry remains as the most common material for residential building construction is discussed

MOMP from Campylobacter jejuni Is a Trimer of 18-Stranded β-Barrel Monomers with a Ca²⁺ Ion Bound at the Constriction Zone

The Gram-negative organism Campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of food poisoning. Unlike Escherichia coli, which has two major porins, OmpC and OmpF, C. jejuni has one, termed major outer membrane protein (MOMP) through which nutrients and antibiotics transit. We report the 2.1-Å crystal structure of C. jejuni MOMP expressed in E. coli and a lower resolution but otherwise identical structure purified directly from C. jejuni. The 2.1-Å resolution structure of recombinant MOMP showed that although the protein has timeric arrangement similar to OmpC, it is an 18-stranded, not 16-stranded, β-barrel. The structure has identified a Ca²⁺ bound at the constriction zone, which is functionally significant as suggested by molecular dynamics and single-channel experiments. The water-filled channel of MOMP has a narrow constriction zone, and single-molecule studies show a monomeric conductivity of 0.7 ± 0.2 nS and a trimeric conductance of 2.2 ± 0.2 nS. The ion neutralizes negative charges at the constriction zone, reducing the transverse electric field and reversing ion selectivity. Modeling of the transit of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic of choice for treating Campylobacter infection, through the pore of MOMP reveals a trajectory that is dependent upon the presence metal ion

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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