205 research outputs found

    Characterization of maize producing households in the dry savanna of Mali

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    Maize is one of the three most important staple foods in Mali. Zones in the country with high potential for producing maize are limited to areas where the probability of drought risk is between 20 and 40%, meaning that recurring droughts have long handicapped maize production. In an attempt to alleviate drought stress on maize production, a household survey was conducted in the two Local Government Areas of Bougouni and Koutiala, both in the Sikasso Region, during the 2007/2008 production period. These two districts were selected following an environmental characterization of drought zones in Mali. The survey was mainly oriented towards maize based farming systems. Six sample villages were selected within each of the two districts. The sample population was defined as maize farming households. A total of 150 households were randomly selected and interviewed with structured questionnaires. Interviews were conducted by trained enumerators using a formal household survey. The purpose of the study is to provide both quantitative and qualitative feedback from farmers to researchers and to the B&MGF on the impact that improved maize varieties developed in the past have had upon the livelihoods of households and to provide a detailed database for the projection of expected outcomes with the deployment of new drought tolerant maize varieties under the B&MGF drought tolerant maize project. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to extract from our set of variables those orthogonal linear combinations of the variables that best captured the common information. Most successful was the one proposed by Filmer and Pritchett (1998; 2001) called the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). To assess the variables affecting the adoption of improved maize varieties, the Tobit model was used. The results show that 99% of household heads are male. The size of a household is 22 persons, on average. About 47% of the household’s members are available for farm work. About 59% of household heads are illiterate, an important factor concerning the adoption of new technology. These household heads make decisions about 84% of farming activities; 86% of the households involved in the study belonged to at least one farmers’ organization in order to have easy access to inputs

    La Régénération Naturelle Assistée (RNA) comme un moyen de reverdir le bassin arachidier au Sénégal : cas du terroir de Khatre Sy

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    Au SĂ©nĂ©gal, le bassin arachidier est confrontĂ© Ă  une rĂ©duction de la  couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale exposant les sols Ă  l’érosion Ă©olienne et hydrique, Ă  la baisse de la fertilitĂ© des sols, Ă  la raretĂ© du bois de chauffe. Face Ă  cette situation, les populations ont rĂ©agi dans le terroir de Khatre Sy avec l’appui du Projet de Reboisement Villageois du Nord Bassin Arachidier  (PREVINOBA) en faisant la RĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration Naturelle AssistĂ©e (RNA). Cette Ă©tude Ă©value l’impact de la RNA sur le reverdissement du terroir de Khatre Sy. Les rĂ©sultats d’inventaire montrent la prĂ©sence de dix-sept espĂšces appartenant Ă  onze familles dominĂ©es par les Combretaceae et les Balanitaceae. L’analyse de variance des paramĂštres structuraux indique une diffĂ©rence significative entre les arbres de la parcelle mise en dĂ©fens et ceux des champs avec RNA pour le diamĂštre moyen du tronc et leur hauteur moyenne. Dans la mise en dĂ©fens, la frĂ©quence des arbres rĂ©pond Ă  une distribution en « L » dĂ©croissante, alors que, pour celle des champs avec RNA, il s’agit d’une distribution «en cloche ». L’ensemble du terroir de Khatre Sy prĂ©sente une bonne capacitĂ© de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration. La RNA a permis d’amĂ©liorer la densitĂ© des arbres dans les champs ouvrant de bonnes perspectives pour le reverdissement du bassin arachidier.Mots clĂ©s : RĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle assistĂ©e, reverdissement, bassin arachidier, SĂ©nĂ©gal

    Effet protecteur des feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia contre l’ulcĂšre induit par l’éthanol chez le rat

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    Opilia celtidifolia est une plante traditionnellement utilisĂ©e contre les plaies et l’ulcĂšre gastro duodĂ©nal. Le but de ce travail Ă©tait d’étudier l’activitĂ© antiulcĂ©reuse des extraits aqueux de cette de la plante. Des extraits aqueux, total et Ă©puisĂ©, ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s par dĂ©coction. Le dĂ©cotĂ© total a Ă©tĂ© testĂ© Ă  100 et 200 mg/kg et le dĂ©coctĂ© Ă©puisĂ© Ă 100 mg/kg. Le Sucralfate a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© comme tĂ©moin positif Ă  la dose de 1000 mg/kg et le groupe non traitĂ© a reçu de l’eau distillĂ©e Ă 10 ml/kg. Les extraits ont Ă©tĂ© administrĂ©s par voie intragastrique, une heure aprĂšs, 0,5 ml d’éthanol Ă  90% a Ă©tĂ© administrĂ© aux animaux pour provoquer l’ulcĂšre pendant une heure. AprĂšs ce temps, les rats ont Ă©tĂ© sacrifiĂ©s. L’estomac de chaque rat a Ă©tĂ© ouvert pour observer et compter les ulcĂšres. L’indice d’ulcĂšre a Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ© et le pourcentage de protection a Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©. A 100mg/kg, le dĂ©coctĂ© Ă©puisĂ© a induit une protection de la muqueuse de 75%, contre 31% pour le dĂ©coctĂ© total. Le Sucralfate, utilisĂ© comme tĂ©moin a prĂ©sentĂ© une protection de 87,50%. Ces rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que les feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia peuvent intervenir dans le traitement de l’ulcĂšre gastrique. La mise au point d’un phytomĂ©dicament contre l’ulcĂšre gastrique Ă  base des feuilles de cette plante est donc envisageable.Mots clĂ©s : Opilia celtidifolia, protection, ulcĂšre gastrique

    Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Guiera Senegalensis J. F. Gmel (Combretaceae)

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    Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance. They have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substances of different composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. These plant metabolites according to their composition are grouped as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins etc...Guiera SenegalensisnbspJ. F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) is one of the most important West African medicinal plants, often used to treat a variety of microbial infections.nbs

    Savoir traditionnel sur les plantes antipaludiques à propriétés analgésiques, utilisées dans le district de Bamako (Mali)

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    Objectif : Le but de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de recenser les plantes utilisĂ©es dans la prise en charge traditionnelle de la douleur palustre.MĂ©thodologie et rĂ©sultats : Les enquĂȘtes ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es de fĂ©vrier Ă  mars 2011 dans le district de Bamako et le cercle de Kati. Les informations ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es par une nouvelle mĂ©thode d’enquĂȘte ethnobotanique dĂ©nommĂ©e «Achat en Triplet de Recettes MĂ©dicinales (ATRM)» couplĂ©e Ă  l’interview semi-structurĂ©e auprĂšs de vingt quatre tradipraticiens de santĂ© (herboristes et tradipraticiens de santĂ© composĂ©s de dix sept femmes (70,8%) et sept hommes (29,2%). Au total 54 espĂšces mĂ©dicinales appartenant Ă  52 genres de 21 familles ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©es. Les Fabaceae (ex-Caesalpiniaceae), les Rubiaceae, les Combretaceae et les Asteraceae sont les familles les plus reprĂ©sentĂ©es. Onze espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©es par les deux mĂ©thodes Ă  la fois. Mitragyna inermis et Anogeissus leiocarpus Ă©taient les plus citĂ©es. Les recettes de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude sont principalement prĂ©parĂ©es par dĂ©coction (92,8%) et majoritairement administrĂ©es par voie orale (52,6%). Les espĂšces recensĂ©es provenaient principalement des savanes, foret, champs de culture et de jachĂšre. Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze, Afrormosia laxiflora (Benth. ex Bak.) Harms, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth, Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & Diels, Cassytha filiformis Linn., Tamarindus indica Linn., sont vĂ©ritablement menacĂ©es dans leur biotope Ă  cause de leur surexploitation en mĂ©decine traditionnelle et mĂ©ritent d’ĂȘtre sauvegardĂ©es pour leur conservation aux gĂ©nĂ©rations futures.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats : La prĂ©sente Ă©tude montre que les herboristes et tradipraticiens de santĂ© de Bamako connaissent des plantes analgĂ©siques utilisĂ©es dans la prise en charge traditionnelle du paludisme. Cette Ă©tude a aussi montrĂ© que certaines espĂšces sont menacĂ©es. Des investigations ultĂ©rieures sont nĂ©cessaires pour sĂ©lectionner certaines espĂšces identifiĂ©es puis vĂ©rifier in vivo leurs activitĂ©s analgĂ©siques.Mots clĂ©s : Ethnobotanique, plantes antipaludiques, propriĂ©tĂ©s analgĂ©siques, nouvelle mĂ©thode, Mali

    Mainstreaming gender and social differentiation into CCAFS research activities in West Africa: lessons learned and perspectives

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    This Info Note aims to present a summary of results from gender-related activities at the CSVs in West Africa. The gender mainstreaming included the capacity building of implementation team, the empowerment of women with gender sensitive activities and the understanding of gender perception on climate change and adaptation strategies

    In situ production of shoots derived from plantain strain-suckers by stimulation with cytokinin substances

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    Plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L., AAB genomic group) is a useful supplement to the nutritional balance of populations in developing countries. The objective of this study was to improve the multiplication rate of in situ plantain (Musa x paradisiaca L.) seeds through the supply of substances with cytokinin activity. Suckers of 10 cm height and related to the parent plant, called strain-suckers, were used to produce shoots. The pseudo-trunk of plantain tree was decorticated, then the apical meristem extracted. Four milliliters of each substance (6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; Kin\ue9tine and Coconut water) were introduced in the cavity left by the extracted meristem. For each substances, the effect of the diameter of first-generation strain-suckers (d < 9; 9 < d < 12 cm and d > 12 cm) was tested. This operation was repeated once so as to have the second and third generations. BAP induced the highest number of buds after three generations. The optimal concentration of BAP was 40 mg L-1. Similarly, all concentrations of coconut water stimulated production of seedlings. Among different diameters of strain-suckers, the largest number of buds was induced with strain-suckers larger than 9 cm in diameter. The production of leafy shoots varied greatly, depending on the solutions tested and the size of strain-suckers used. After 3 to 4 months, seedlings obtained were ready to be transferred in the field.L\u2019objectif principal de la pr\ue9sente \ue9tude est d\u2019am\ue9liorer le taux de multiplication des semences in situ de bananier plantain ( Musa x paradisiaca L.) par apport de substances \ue0 activit\ue9 cytokinine. Les rejets ba\uefonnettes de plus de 10 cm de haut et li\ue9s \ue0 la plante m\ue8re ont \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9pertori\ue9s et appel\ue9s souche-rejets. Le pseudo tronc de ces derniers a \ue9t\ue9 d\ue9cortiqu\ue9 puis le m\ue9rist\ue8me apical extrait. Dans la cavit\ue9 laiss\ue9e par l\u2019extraction du m\ue9rist\ue8me, 4 ml des solutions de Benzylaminopurine (BAP)\ua0; de Kin\ue9tine (Kin) ou de l\u2019eau de coco y ont \ue9t\ue9 introduites. Cette op\ue9ration a \ue9t\ue9 r\ue9p\ue9t\ue9e de sorte \ue0 disposer des rejets de deuxi\ue8me et troisi\ue8me g\ue9n\ue9ration. La substance induisant le plus grand nombre de bourgeons a ensuite \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9e pour tester diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets (d < 9 cm\ua0; 9 < d < 12 cm et d > 12 cm). La BAP a permis d\u2019induire le plus grand nombre de bourgeons apr\ue8s trois g\ue9n\ue9rations. La concentration optimale de BAP a \ue9t\ue9 de 40 mg L-1. De m\ueame, le lait de coco a permis de stimuler la production de plantules. Parmi les diff\ue9rents diam\ue8tres de rejets, le nombre moyen le plus important de bourgeons a \ue9t\ue9 induit avec les rejets de diam\ue8tre sup\ue9rieur \ue0 9 cm. La production de pousses feuill\ue9es a vari\ue9 fortement selon les solutions test\ue9es et la taille des rejets utilis\ue9s. Au bout de 3 \ue0 4 mois les plantules obtenues sont pr\ueates \ue0 \ueatre transf\ue9r\ue9es au champ

    Participatory varietal selection with improved pearl millet in West Africa

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    A reconnaissance survey and participatory varietal selection trials (PVS) were conducted in four major pearl millet-growing countries of the Sahel between 2001 and 2003. The studies aimed to identify farmers' preferences in improved pearl millet varieties, increase awareness, test new varieties and enhance farmers' access to the improved varieties. Farmers selected five out of 10 tested varieties, with preferred characteristics, namely, maturity cycles of 80-90 d in the Sahel and 90-100 d in the Sudanian agro-ecozones, acceptable grain yield, compact and long (30-100 cm) panicles, a large number of tillers with panicles, adaptation and an acceptable taste. Farmers indicated that their local varieties were of superior adaptation and taste. They mentioned that hindrances to uptake and sustained use of improved varieties were due to lack of awareness, traditional values, seed unavailability, early maturity, bird damage and lack of fertilizer. The strong genotype × environment interactions in the Sahel suggests that breeding should be directed towards producing varieties adapted to specific zones rather than for wide adaptation. Notably, since farmers often cultivate pearl millet without any soil amendments, it may be advisable to disseminate varieties as a package (with fertilizer and agronomic instructions) rather than as varieties alone in a PVS programme, in order to achieve the full potential of improved varieties. The PVS trials are synergistic to plant breeding in identifying varieties suitable for harsh environments, which are difficult to duplicate in the research station. However, in the absence of formal distribution seed systems in the trial countries, village- or community-based seed production of varieties selected by farmers appears critical to the sustainable adoption of selected varieties

    The Effect of Imatinib Mesylate for Newly Diagnosed Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive, Chronic-Phase Myeloid Leukemia in Sub-Saharan African Patients: The Experience of CĂŽte d'Ivoire

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    Imatinib mesylate, showed encouraging activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, there are few data regarding his efficacy and response monitoring in Sub-Saharan African patients. Our objective was to assess response to imatinib mesylate (Glivec) in Cîte d'Ivoire patients with newly diagnosed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). From May 2005 to September 2009, we treated 42 patients (40 years; range 16–69) with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) positive in chronic phase CML with oral imatinib mesylate at daily doses of 400 mg. Overall survival (OS) and frequency of complete or major cytogenetic remission (CCR/MCR) were evaluated. At a median follow up of 32 (range 7.6–113) months, the CHR rate in our study group was 76%. A major CR was found in 19 patients (45%) with 17% and 29% complete and partial CR respectively. There were no significant differences in the incidence of major cytogenetic response by known prognostics factors. Median time to CHR was 8 months (range 0.4–25), and 16 months (range: 0.1–36) for CR. Projected 5-year OS rate was 72% (95%CI 42–88). We conclude that imatinib therapy sub-Saharan African CML patients is very promising and has favorably changed the prognosis for black African patients with CML
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