Abnormalities in event-related potential and brainstem auditory evoked response in children with nocturnal enuresis

To evaluate central nervous system functioning involvement in nocturnal enuresis, P300 and N200 event-related brain potentials and brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAER) were assessed in a group of 35 enuretic boys aged 7-9 years. The measurements of enuretic group were compared to those of age and sex matched non-enuretics. P300 latency in the enuretic group was significantly longer than in non-enurefic group (420 ms at parietal scalp (Pz), 414 ms at central scalp (Cz) versus 386 ins at Pz, 376 ms at Cz; P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). Both enuretic and non-enuretic subjects were divided into three subgroups his age. There was no significant difference in terms of both P300 amplitude and N200 latency and N200 amplitude between non-enuretic age subgroups. But, P300 latency over central scalp in 8 years old non-enuretic subgroup was significantly longer than in 9 years old non-enuretic subgroup (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found in latency and amplitude of P300 and N200 latency between enuretic subgroups. However, N200 amplitude at Cz in 8 years old enuretic subgroup was significantly lower than both in 7 years old enuretic subgroup and in 9 years old enuretic subgroup (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). There were significant topographical differences in latency and amplitude of P300 and in N200 latency in enuretic age subgroups, only. There was no significant difference in interpeak latencies I-III, I-V and III-V and wave latencies I, III and V of BAERs between enuretic group and non-enuretic subgroup. Longer interpeak and wave latencies of BAERs were found both in 8 years old enuretic subgroup and 8 years old non-enuretic subgroup. Conclusion: Longer P300 latency in primer enuretics compare to non-enuretics is an evidence of a maturational delay of central nervous system functioning. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Effects of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on fracture healing in rats

Objective: Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) is generally used to prevent and cure the neutropenia associated with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. In addition to its effects on neutrophil function, G-CSF was found to have the characteristic of modulating the cytokines in the inflammatory response. Then, the question to answer is whether it has any effect on fracture healing and to what extent? In this study, we test the effects of G-CSF on the healing of tibia fracture in a rat model