404 research outputs found
SHARE Working Paper Series 47-2020: Collection of Dried Blood Spots in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE): From implementation to blood-marker analyses
Rational Pension Reform
This paper is motivated by the idea to create, wherever possible, rational mechanisms that adapt pension systems automatically to a changed economic and demographic environment, rather than to leave such adaptations to discretionary high-profile pension reforms which all too often stir political opposition. The paper delineates the theory behind such rational mechanisms, shows the advantages and limits of âself-stabilizingâ pension systems, and compares the Swedish and the German approaches to rule-bound pension policy
Mothering alone: cross-national comparisons of later-life disability and health among women who were single mothers
Background: Single motherhood is associated with poorer health, but whether this association varies between countries is not known. We examine associations between single motherhood and poor later-life health in the US, England and 13 European countries. Methods: Data came from 25,125 women aged 50+ who participated in the US Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We tested whether single motherhood at ages 16-49 was associated with increased risk of limitations with activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL (IADL) and fair/poor self-rated health in later life. Results: 33% of American mothers had experienced single motherhood before age 50, versus 22% in England, 38% in Scandinavia, 22% in Western Europe and 10% in Southern Europe. Single mothers had higher risk of poorer health and disability in later life than married mothers, but associations varied between countries. For example, risk ratios for ADL limitations were 1.51 (95% CI 1.29, 1.98) in England, 1.50 (1.10, 2.05) in Scandinavia and 1.27 (1.17, 1.40) in the US, versus 1.09 (0.80, 1.47) in Western Europe, 1.13 (0.80, 1.60) in Southern Europe, and 0.93 (0.66, 1.31) in Eastern Europe. Women who were single mothers before age 20, for 8+ years, or resulting from divorce or non-marital childbearing, were at particular risk. Conclusion: Single motherhood during early- or mid-adulthood is associated with poorer health in later life. Risks were greatest in England, the US, and Scandinavia. Both selection and causation mechanisms might explain between-country variation
Comparison of Cox proportional hazards regression and generalized Cox regression models applied in dementia risk prediction
RentabilitÀtsvergleiche im Umlage- und Kapitaldeckungsverfahren : Konzepte, empirische Ergebnisse, sozialpolitische Konsequenzen
Die demographischen VerĂ€nderungen sind Auslöser einer grundsĂ€tzlicheren Debatte ĂŒber Alterssicherungsverfahren, nĂ€mlich der Wahl eines effizienten Finanzierungsverfahrens der Altersvorsorge. Im Zentrum der Debatte steht immer wieder der Renditevergleich zwischen dem Umlage- und dem Kapitaldeckungsverfahren. Ihm gilt dieses Papier. Er ist keineswegs so einfach, wie es oft suggeriert wird, da Versicherungs- und Risikoaspekte, vor allem aber das Ăbergangsproblem berĂŒcksichtigt werden mĂŒssen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den wirtschaftstheoretischen Hintergrund mit den wichtigsten relevanten Konzepten dar und prĂ€sentiert empirische SchĂ€tzungen zur heutigen und Simulationsergebnisse zur zukĂŒnftigen Entwicklung der relevanten Renditen. Wir schlieĂen mit den sozialpolitischen Konsequenzen fĂŒr eine reformierte Altersvorsorge
Trends in mortality by labour market position around retirement ages in three European countries with different welfare regimes
<p>Objectives: In the face of economic downturn and increasing life expectancy, many industrial nations are adopting a policy of postponing the retirement age. However, questions still remain around the consequence of working longer into old age. We examine mortality by work status around retirement ages in countries with different welfare regimes; Finland (social democratic), Turin (Italy; conservative), and England and Wales (liberal).</p>
<p>Methods: Death rates and rate ratios (RRs) (reference rates = âin-workâ), 1970 sâ2000 s, were estimated for those aged 45â64 years using the England and Wales longitudinal study, Turin longitudinal study, and the Finnish linked register study.</p>
<p>Results: Mortality of the not-in-work was consistently higher than the in-work. Death rates for the not-in-work were lowest in Turin and highest in Finland. Rate ratios were smallest in Turin (RR men 1972â76 1.73; 2002â06 1.63; women 1.22; 1.68) and largest in Finland (RR men 1991â95 3.03; 2001â05 3.80; women 3.62; 4.11). Unlike RRs for men, RRs for women increased in every country (greatest in Finland).</p>
<p>Conclusions: These findings signal that overall, employment in later life is associated with lower mortality, regardless of welfare regime.</p>
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AND CYNICISM: BRIDGING THE ATTITUDE-BEHAVIOR GAP IN CSR SURVEYS
Many consumer-focused corporate social responsibility (CSR) studies suggest a positive link between the responsibility demonstrated by a company and consumersâ intention to favor the company in their purchases. Yet an analogous causal effect between corporate social and financial performances is not evident. This chapter conceptualizes how social desirability and cynicism contribute to the discrepancy between consumersâ attitudes and their actual purchase behavior, and analyzes why consumer choices indicated in surveys do not consistently convert into actions
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