Co-digestion of macroalgae for biogas production: an LCA-based environmental evaluation

Algae represent a favourable and potentially sustainable source of biomass for bioenergy-based industrial pathways in the future. The study, performed on a real pilot plant implemented in Augusta (Italy) within the frame of the BioWALK4Biofuels project, aims to figure out whether seaweed (macroalgae) cultivated in near-shore open ponds could be considered a beneficial aspect as a source of biomass for biogas production within the co-digestion with local agricultural biological waste. The LCA results confirm that the analysed A and B scenarios (namely the algae-based co-digestion scenario and agricultural mix feedstock scenario) present an environmental performance more favourable than that achieved with conventional non-renewable-based technologies (specifically natural gas - Scenario C). Results show that the use of seaweed (Scenario A) represent a feasible solution in order to replace classical biomass used for biofuel production from a land-based feedstock. The improvement of the environmental performances is quantifiable on 10% respect to Scenario B, and 38 times higher than Scenario

Ni abundance in the core of the Perseus Cluster: an answer to the significance of resonant scattering

Using an XMM-Newton observation of the Perseus cluster we show that the excess in the flux of the 7-8 keV line complex previously detected by ASCA and BeppoSAX is due to an overabundance of Nickel rather than to an anomalously high Fe He$\beta$/Fe He$\alpha$ ratio. This observational fact leads to the main result that resonant scattering, which was assumed to be responsible for the supposed anomalous Fe He$\beta$/Fe He$\alpha$ ratio, is no longer required. The absence of resonant scattering points towards the presence of significant gas motions (either turbulent or laminar) in the core of the Perseus cluster.Comment: 29 pages, 10 bw figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An update

Despite considerable progress in treatment protocols, B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) displays a poor prognosis in about 15–20% of pediatric cases and about 60% of adult patients. In addition, life-long irreversible late effects from chemo- and radiation therapy, including secondary malignancies, are a growing problem for leukemia survivors. Targeted therapy holds promising perspectives for cancer treatment as it may be more effective and have fewer side effects than conventional therapies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a key regulatory cascade which controls proliferation, survival and drug-resistance of cancer cells, and it is frequently upregulated in the different subtypes of B-ALL, where it plays important roles in the pathophysiology, maintenance and progression of the disease. Moreover, activation of this signaling cascade portends a poorer prognosis in both pediatric and adult B-ALL patients. Promising preclinical data on PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors have documented their anticancer activity in B-ALL and some of these novel drugs have entered clinical trials as they could lead to a longer event-free survival and reduce therapy-associated toxicity for patients with B-ALL. This review highlights the current status of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in B-ALL, with an emphasis on emerging evidence of the superior efficacy of synergistic combinations involving the use of traditional chemotherapeutics or other novel, targeted agents

Heavy-to-light form factors: sum rules on the light cone and beyond

We report the first systematic analysis of the off-light-cone effects in sum rules for heavy-to-light form factors. These effects are investigated in a model based on scalar constituents, which allows a technically rather simple analysis but has the essential features of the analogous QCD calculation. The correlator relevant for the extraction of the heavy-to-light form factor is calculated in two different ways: first, by adopting the full Bethe-Salpeter amplitude of the light meson and, second, by performing the expansion of this amplitude near the light cone $x^2=0$. We demonstrate that the contributions to the correlator from the light-cone term $x^2=0$ and the off-light-cone terms $x^2\ne 0$ have the same order in the $1/m_Q$ expansion. The light-cone correlator, corresponding to $x^2=0$, is shown to systematically overestimate the full correlator, the difference being $\sim \Lambda_{\rm QCD}/\delta$, with $\delta$ the continuum subtraction parameter of order 1 GeV. Numerically, this difference is found to be 10-20%.Comment: revtex 14 pages, version to be published in Phys. Rev. D (discussion in Sect. 3 extended, example in Sect. 4 added

Progettazione digitale

Richiedendo prerequisiti minimi sotto l’aspetto informatico, tecnologico e matematico, il testo si propone di presentare principi e metodologie fondamentali per il progetto di sistemi digitali e guida lo studente mediante problemi via via più avanzati attraverso le problematiche tipiche del progetto digitale. Poiché attualmente gran parte del progetto digitale viene realizzato servendosi di strumenti di progettazione automatica (i vari tool CAD), il testo tratta costantemente la teoria facendo anche riferimento alla possibilità di sperimentazione pratica basata su strumenti automatici di progettazione. Questo approccio risulta sicuramente innovativo e stimolante e costituisce uno dei contributi principali del libro alla didattica sulla progettazione digitale

Exploring copepod distribution patterns at three nested spatial scales in a spring system. Habitat partitioning and potential for hydrological bioindication

In groundwater-fed springs, habitat characteristics are primarily determined by a complex combination of geomorphic features and physico-chemical parameters, while species assemblages are even more intricate. Springs host species either inhabiting the spring mouth, or colonizing spring habitats from the surface or from the aquifers which feed the springs. Groundwater species living in springs have been claimed as good candidates for identifying dual aquifer flowpaths or changes in groundwater pathways before reaching the spring outlets. However, the reliability of spring species as hydrological biotracers has not been widely investigated so far. Our study was aimed at analysing a large karstic spring system at three nested spatial scales in order: i) to assess, at whole spring system scale, the presence of a groundwater divide separating two aquifers feeding two spring units within a single spring system, by combining isotope analyses, physico-chemistry, and copepod distribution patterns; ii) to test, at vertical spring system scale, the effectiveness of copepods in discriminating surface and subsurface habitat patches within the complex mosaic spring environment; iii) to explore, at local spring unit level, the relative role of hydrochemistry and sediment texture as describers of copepod distribution among microhabitats. The results obtained demonstrated the presence of a hierarchical spatial structure, interestingly reflected in significant differences in assemblage compositions. Copepod assemblages differed between the two contiguous spring units, which were clearly characterized by their hydrochemistry and by significant differences in the groundwater flowpaths and recharge areas, as derived by the isotope analyses. The biological results suggested that stygobiotic species seem to be related to the origin of groundwater, suggesting their potential role as hydrological biotracers. At vertical scale, assemblage composition in surface and subsurface habitats was significantly different, both between spring units and among microhabitats, supporting strong habitat preferences of copepod species. At the smaller local scale, the response to habitat patchiness of subsurface copepod assemblages resulted in distribution patterns primarily defined by sediment texture, while the sensitivity to differences in hydrochemistry was negligible

Hydrogen Absorption in Pd–Ag Systems: A TPD and Electrical Resistivity Study

Hydrogen retention in Pd–Ag (silver 21 wt. %) thin foil has been tested by means of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) in the temperature range 25–200 °C and compared to the resistivity measurements for the purpose of explaining the characteristic S-shaped resistivity curve and its minimum observed in the same temperature range. The TPD results indicated that the highest uptake of hydrogen was between 65 °C and 105 °C, with a maximum at ~85 °C. Furthermore, in all examined cases, the hydrogen desorption peak was between 140 °C and 180 °C. The resistivity measurements in argon, hydrogen, and vacuum allowed us to examine the influence of hydrogen on the resistivity of a Pd–Ag alloy. The results showed evidence of two kinds of hydrides: (1) a weak absorption at low temperature (T < 70 °C) with the hydrogen present mainly in tetrahedral sites, and (2) a strong absorption up to 150 °C with the hydrogen present mainly in octahedral sites. The behaviour of the electrical resistivity and the minimum between 90 °C and 110 °C can be explained by the two kinds of hydrogen uploaded into the metal lattice

Error analysis for local coarsening in univariate spline spaces

In this article we analyze the error produced by the removal of an arbitrary knot from a spline function. When a knot has multiplicity greater than one, this implies a reduction of its multiplicity by one unit. In particular, we deduce a very simple formula to compute the error in terms of some neighboring knots and a few control points of the considered spline. Furthermore, we show precisely how this error is related to the jump of a derivative of the spline at the knot. We then use the developed theory to propose efficient and very low-cost local error indicators and adaptive coarsening algorithms. Finally, we present some numerical experiments to illustrate their performance and show some applications