Score test in robust M-procedure

A score type test based on the M-estimation method for a linear regression model is more reliable than the parametric based-test under mild departures from model assumptions, or when dataset has outliers. An R-function is developed for the score M-test, and applied to two real datasets to illustrate the procedure. The asymptotic power function of the M-test under a sequence of (contiguous) local alternatives is derived. Through computation of power function from simulated data, the M-test is compared with its alternatives, the Student's $t$ and Wilcoxon's rank tests. Graphical illustration of the asymptotic power of the M-test is provided for randomly generated data from the normal, Laplace, Cauchy, and logistic distributions

Social Profile Of The Aged In An Urban Population

Research Problem: What is the socio-demographic profile of urban aged population in Aligarh city. Objectives: i) To describe the socio-demographic profile of the aged population in an urban area, ii) To describe the attitude of these people. Design:Cross-sectional study. Setting : Urban areas of Aligarh city. Participants : 3951 persons aged 60 years and above Study Variables: Socio-demographic characteristics, attitudes. Statistical Analysis : By proportions. Result: 15% of the total  stimated elderly population covering all 10 sectors of Aligarh city was studied. The majority ofthe elderly (72.4%) belonged to 60-70 years age group. Most of them (77.2%) were illiterate, 61.6% belonged to lower socio-economic classes (IV & V), 78.1 % lived in joint families. 39.6% of the aged felt that they were not being given due respect by family members. Nearly half of them had an indifferent or unhappy attitude towards life. Conclusion: The socio-demographic characteristics of the aged are important and must be kept in mind for developing programs to assist them in living as respectful senior citizens

Effect of Area Ratio on Base Pressure in a Suddenly Expanded Duct for Under Expanded Flow ft Mach 1.87

The results of an experimental investigation carried out to control the base pressure in a suddenly expanded axi-symmetric passage is presented in this paper. An active control in the form of micro jets is employed to control the base pressure. Air injection at four locations at the base, symmetric to the nozzle axis is used as the active control. The jet Mach number studied and the area ratios are 1.87, and 2.56, 3.24, 4.84, and 6.25. The L/D ratio is varied from 10 to 1. The experiments are conducted at a fixed level of under expansion (i.e. Pe/Pa = 1.5). In addition to base pressure, wall pressure field along the duct was also measured. As high as 80 percent increase in base pressure was achieved for certain combination of parameters of the present study. The minimum Length-todiameter ratio of the duct required is L/D = 2 for area ratios 6.25 and 4.84. Whereas, this requirement is L/D = 1 for area ratios 2.56 and 3.24

Limb Defects in Developing Chick Embryos after Administration of Glucose

Objective: To assess the role of administered glucose on gross development of limbs of the chick embryos, in comparison with age matched controls. Materials and Methods: Fertilized eggs of Egyptian Fayyumi breed were injected with glucose (5% weight/volume solution) into egg albumen. The eggs were put in the incubator under standard conditions of temperature and humidity. Eggs were divided in two groups, control (A) and experimental (B). Each group is subdivided in two subgroups comprising of 30 eggs each. Eggs were opened on day 10 of incubation in subgroup (A1, B1) while eggs from subgroup (A2, B2) were allowed to hatch on day 21 or day 22 of incubation. The exposed embryos were compared with age matched control subgroups. Effects of glucose were assessed by observing limb defects in the embryos from two groups. Results: The experimental animals had limb defects manifested as absent, one hind limb in 5 out of 53 (9.433%). Both hind limbs were absent in 6/53 (11.32%). In turned phalanges with inability to stand and limping gait was found in 8/53 (13.79%). No embryo of the control group demonstrated such findings. Conclusion: Administration of glucose resulted malformation such as limb defects and turned digits in growing chick embryos.&nbsp

Study Of Knowledge, Beliefs & Attitudes Towards Leprosy Among Patients Of Leprosy

Research Problem: What is the level of Knowledge and attitudes of leprosy patients towards leprosy? Objectives: To assess the knowledge, beliefs and atti­tude towards leprosy in leprosy patients. Study Design: Hospital - based study by questionnaire method. Setting and Participants: Leprosy patients attending Dermatology OPD. J.N. Medical College Hospital, A.M.U., Aligarh. Sample Size: 200 leprosy patients. Study Variables: Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes re­garding leprosy. Outcome Variables: Percentage of patients having cor­rect Knowledge and positive attitude. Statistical Analysis : By proportions. Results: Ignorance about leprosy is still rampant. 81 % of the patients were not aware of the cause of disease. 89.5% did not know whether the disease was preventable. 91 % patients were optimistic that the disease was curable. 60% of the patients became anxious on learning the diagnosis of the disease. Relations were strained with spouse in 6% cases after learning the diagnosis of the disease. Conclusions: Most of the patients had very little knowl­edge about leprosy, but they were optimistic about the cure of the disease. Interestingly, not much social stigma was encountered by the patients. Recommendations : Raising the literacy status of the populatio

Teratogenic Effect of Sodium Phenytoin on Limb Development in Chick Embryos is Time-Mediated as Evident by Stereomicroscope

Background: Women suffering from seizure-related illnesses are prescribed phenytoin during pregnancy if the benefits outweigh the risks. But the teratogenic effect of this drug on limb development needs exploration. This study was designed to investigate the time-mediated teratogenic effect of sodium phenytoin on limb development of chick embryos on days 04 and 09 of development using the stereomicroscope and at the time of hatching. Material and Methods: This randomized control trial comprised of two main groups of fertilized chicken eggs (Egyptian Fayoumi breed), control group A and experimental group B, each having 90 eggs. Each experimental egg was injected with sodium phenytoin (3.5 mg, teratogenic dose) just before incubation. Both the groups were divided into three subgroups each A1, A2, & A3/B1, B2 & B3. Stereomicroscope was used to observe the limb buds and cartilaginous elements in subgroups 1 and 2 on days 04 and 09 of development respectively. The embryos of subgroups 3 were assessed for gross limb deformities on hatching. Survival was noted in all the subgroups.Results: The difference in limb bud size between experimental and controls was statistically insignificant. There was no variation or deformity in the bones. The experimental group 3 had gross limb defects on hatching and the difference in survival was also statistically significant in subgroups 3.Conclusion: Prenatal administration of sodium phenytoin induces limb defects in chick embryos as evident after hatching but limb anomalies are not observed on days 04 and 09 of development as investigated by stereomicroscope. We conclude that the teratogenic effect of phenytoin is time-mediated

Relative growth of harpiosquilla raphidea (Fabricius, 1798) (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) male and female populations

Morphometric analysis was carried out to find out changes in the growth pattern of male and female stomatopod, Harpiosquilla raphidea. Six morphometric relationships were examined on 105 males and 105 females, ranging in size from 103 to 207 mm and from 104 to 222 mm in total length, respectively. In both the sexes, the relative growth of carapace length, propodus length of raptorial claw and total weight in relation to total length was found positively allometric. Telson width in both the sexes and abdomen width in males showed slightly negative allometry, while the abdomen width of females showed slightly positive allometry, indicating some variation in the growth between sexes which could be attributed to the energy requirement for maturation in females. The propodus of females was also found to be bigger than that of males. It is quite interesting as males only have larger chela in other crustaceans. It has a functional significance in that it is of immense help at the time of intense feeding during maturation of oocytes which requires higher energy

The correlated bivariate noncentral F distribution and its application

This paper proposes the singly and doubly correlated bivariate noncentral F (BNCF) distributions. The probability density function (pdf) and the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the distributions are derived for arbitrary values of the parameters. The pdf and cdf of the distributions for different arbitrary values of the parameters are computed, and their graphs are plotted by writing and implementing new R codes. An application of the correlated BNCF distribution is illustrated in the computations of the power function of the pretest test for the multivariate simple regression model (MSRM)