Distribution, frequency and occurrence of cereal nematodes on the Central Anatolian Plateau in Turkey and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties

The distribution of important plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in the cereal production areas of the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) of Turkey was investigated with systematic surveys. Two important plant-parasitic nematode groups were found widely distributed; cereal-cyst nematodes (78.3%) and root-lesion nematodes (42.6%). Cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) were identified as Heterodera filipjevi in 18 provinces. Heterodera latipons was found in only one province. Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus were the most widely distributed species of root-lesion nematodes. Other frequently recorded plant-parasitic nematodes belonged to the genera Geocenamus (52.4%), Pratylenchoides (35.6%), Helicotylenchus (29.7%) and Paratylenchus (19.2%). Konya on the southern CAP had a significantly high incidence of P. neglectus as well as free-living nematodes. The incidence of CCN was greatest in areas of sandy soils on the CAP, with densities of up to 95 cysts (100 g soil)-1. Population densities of Geocenamus, Pratylenchus and Pratylenchoides were high in some locations. Soil physicochemical properties were investigated for their relationship to nematode distribution. There was a slight positive correlation of P. thornei and clay content; conversely, there was a significant negative correlation of P. neglectus with clay and a positive correlation with sand. Electrical conductivity (EC) was positively correlated with P. neglectus. Nematodes in the genera Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Trophurus and Tylenchorhynchus were only recorded at low population densities in the sampled area. By contrast, nematodes in the genera Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus, Dorylaimus, Tylenchus and bacterivorous genera had relatively high populations. Total free-living nematodes were positively correlated with EC and zinc (Zn) concentration. The Zn content of soil was generally at a level deficient for plant growt

Yr10 gene polymorphism in bread wheat varieties

Yellow rust resistance locus Yr10 located on chromosome 1B in Moro and originated from the Turkish line PI178383 was investigated in terms of polymorphism in seven winter type bread wheat cvs. (Triticum aestivum ssp.Aestivum) Altay2000, İzgi2001, Sönmez2001 (yellow rust resistant), Aytın98, ES14, Harmankaya99 (yellow rust susceptible) and PI178383 as control. Exon 1 (1 - 833 bp) and Exon 2 (1989 - 3630 bp) parts of Yr10 were amplified with three primers. Amplification was not observed with E2A primers in Harmankaya99, İzgi2001 and Sönmez2001 cvs, while amplification products were observable at all tested varieties with the other primers. PCR results showed that E2A reverse primer is not able to anneal to the three varieties mentioned above. Sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis proved that there has been single nucleotide changes especially in the second exon. The most similar sequences to the first exon of Harmankaya99, İzgi01 and Sönmez2001 are AF509535 (Aegilops tauschiiNBS-LRR-like gene), AF509534 (A. tauschii NBS-LRR-like gene sequence) and AF509534, respectively. These results could be helpful in revealing divergence between resistant and susceptible varieties

Yr10 gene polymorphism in bread wheat varieties

Yellow rust resistance locus Yr10 located on chromosome 1B in Moro and originated from the Turkish line PI178383 was investigated in terms of polymorphism in seven winter type bread wheat cvs. (Triticum aestivum ssp. Aestivum) Altay2000, zgi2001, Sönmez2001 (yellow rust resistant), Aytın98, ES14, Harmankaya99 (yellow rust susceptible) and PI178383 as control. Exon 1 (1 -833 bp) and Exon 2 (1989 -3630 bp) parts of Yr10 were amplified with three primers. Amplification was not observed with E2A primers in Harmankaya99, zgi2001 and Sönmez2001 cvs, while amplification products were observable at all tested varieties with the other primers. PCR results showed that E2A reverse primer is not able to anneal to the three varieties mentioned above. Sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis proved that there has been single nucleotide changes especially in the second exon. The most similar sequences to the first exon of Harmankaya99, zgi01 and Sönmez2001 are AF509535 (Aegilops tauschii NBS-LRR-like gene), AF509534 (A. tauschii NBS-LRR-like gene sequence) and AF509534, respectively. These results could be helpful in revealing divergence between resistant and susceptible varieties