Microlens array production in a microtechnological dry etch and reflow process for display applications

The fabrication of arrays consisting of densely ordered circular convex microlenses with diameters of 126 μm made of quartz glass in a photoresist reflow and dry etch structure transition process is demonstrated. The rectangular lens arrays with dimensions of 6 mm x 9 mm were designed for focussing collimated light on the pixel center regions of a translucent interference display, which also was produced in microtechnological process steps. The lenses focus light on pixel centers and thus serve for increasing display brightness and contrast since incoming collimated light is partially blocked by opaque metallic ring contacts at the display pixel edges. The focal lengths of the lenses lie between 0.46 mm and 2.53 mm and were adjusted by varying ratio of the selective dry etch rate of photoresist and quartz glass. Due to volume shrinking and edge line pinning of the photoresist structures the lenses curvatures emerge hyperbolic, leading to improved focussing performance

Effects of Repeated Intrathecal Triamcinolone-Acetonide Application on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Axonal Damage and Glial Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in young adults. Over time, the disease progresses and, with accumulating disability, symptoms such as spasticity may occur. Although several treatment options are available, some patients may not respond to first-line therapeutics. However, some of these patients may benefit from intrathecally administered triamcinolone-acetonide (TCA), a derivative of glucocorticosteroids (GCS).GCSmay have neurotoxic effects, and cell apoptosis may occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TCA on biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggestive of neurodegeneration

Beef cows and calves, 1979: a summary of research

Response of fall-born calves to monensin on orchardgrass / alfalfa or tall fescue / alfalfa pastures / F. M. Byers, C. F. Parker, and R. W. Van Keuren -- Effects of forage system and breed type on the performance of fall calving cows / C. F. Parker and R. W. Van Keuren -- Forage management for beef production / R. W. Van Keuren, C. F. Parker, and E. W. Klosterman -- Breeding and management systems to optimize beef breeding herd productivity / E. W. Klosterman, R. W. Van Keuren, C. F. Parker, and F. M. Byers -- Voluntary feed intake of mature cows as related to breed type, condition, and forage quality / E. W. Klosterman, F. M. Byers, and C. F. Parker -- Weight and condition changes of pregnant beef cows wintered on corn stover stacks / G. R. Wilson, J. G. Gordon, J. H. Cline, K. M. Irvin, and E. W. Klosterman -- Estrus synchronization of beef cows and heifers with prostaglandin F2a under field conditions / G. R. Wilson, T. L. Benecke, K. M. Irvin, T. M. Ludwick, C. E. Marshall, and R. A. Wallac

Technical Basis for Gas-Phase Vadose Zone Remediation Technologies at Hanford: A Review -12186

ABSTRACT In situ vadose zone remediation approaches are being evaluated as potential options to mitigate the transport of inorganic and radionuclide contaminants from the vadose zone to the groundwater. Some of the candidate approaches are based on changing the contaminant or subsurface conditions in a way that slows downward migration of the contaminants through the vadose zone using amendments delivered in the gas-phase. Two promising approaches that have undergone testing at Hanford include soil desiccation to address technetium-99 contamination and ammonia-induced sequestration of uranium. For soil desiccation, a dry gas is injected to desiccate a targeted portion of the subsurface and thereby decrease contaminant movement by removing moisture and decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of the desiccated zone. Ammonia-induced sequestration of uranium relies on changing the pore water chemistry, primarily through pH changes, to induce dissolution and precipitation processes that decrease the amount of mobile uranium in the vadose zone

Studies of multiplicity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

In this talk I'll review the present status of charged particle multiplicity measurements from heavy-ion collisions. The characteristic features of multiplicity distributions obtained in Au+Au collisions will be discussed in terms of collision centrality and energy and compared to those of p+p collisions. Multiplicity measurements of d+Au collisions at 200 GeV nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy will also be discussed. The results will be compared to various theoretical models and simple scaling properties of the data will be identified.Comment: "Focus on Multiplicity" Internationsl Workshop on Particle Multiplicity in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions, Bari, Italy, June 17-19, 2003, 16 pages, 15 figure

Multiplicity Studies and Effective Energy in ALICE at the LHC

In this work we explore the possibility to perform ``effective energy'' studies in very high energy collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In particular, we focus on the possibility to measure in $pp$ collisions the average charged multiplicity as a function of the effective energy with the ALICE experiment, using its capability to measure the energy of the leading baryons with the Zero Degree Calorimeters. Analyses of this kind have been done at lower centre--of--mass energies and have shown that, once the appropriate kinematic variables are chosen, particle production is characterized by universal properties: no matter the nature of the interacting particles, the final states have identical features. Assuming that this universality picture can be extended to {\it ion--ion} collisions, as suggested by recent results from RHIC experiments, a novel approach based on the scaling hypothesis for limiting fragmentation has been used to derive the expected charged event multiplicity in $AA$ interactions at LHC. This leads to scenarios where the multiplicity is significantly lower compared to most of the predictions from the models currently used to describe high energy $AA$ collisions. A mean charged multiplicity of about 1000-2000 per rapidity unit (at $\eta \sim 0$) is expected for the most central $Pb-Pb$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.5 TeV$.Comment: 12 pages, 19 figures. In memory of A. Smirnitski