Climate research Netherlands : research highlights

In the Netherlands the temperature has risen, on average, by 1.6°C since 1900. Regional climate scenarios for the 21st century developed by the Dutch Royal Meteorological Institute [1] show that temperature in the Netherlands will continue to rise and mild winters and hot summers will become more common. On average winters will become wetter and extreme precipitation amounts will increase. The intensity of extreme rain showers in summer will increase and the sea level will continue to rise. Changing climate will affect all segments and sectors of the society and the economy of the Netherlands, but it also brings new opportunities for major innovation

A conversation with architects: Paul Oliver and the anthropology of shelter

Throughout a career that spanned nearly 45 years, Paul Oliver consistently put forward his ideas on why an anthropological approach to architecture would be beneficial to the understanding of the design, use and meaning of buildings. This article intends to explore Oliver’s views and writings on the relationship between architecture and anthropology. It aims to provide an overview of Oliver’s oeuvre and approach, to position it in the context of other contemporaneous writings on architecture and anthropology, and to assess the influence of his work on later discourses. It will argue that, first and foremost, Oliver wrote for an architectural audience, rather than an anthropological one. Instead of wanting to engage in a direct dialogue about architecture with anthropologists, Oliver’s main intention was to increase architects’ awareness of the cultural embodiment of architecture. A better realisation of the intricate relation between architecture, society and culture would lead not just to a better understanding of why architecture takes the form it does but ultimately also to more culturally appropriate contemporary design. Oliver’s main aim, then, was to make architects aware of the value and usefulness of anthropology, rather than to engage in a conversation with anthropology itself. The article concludes that Oliver’s work remains as relevant to architectural discourse today as it ever was during the 45 years of his career

Living heritage: vernacular architecture in China

Knapp, Ronald G. and Kai-Yin Lo, eds. 2005. House, Home, Family: Living and Being Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. xxi + 453pp. ISBN 0 8248 2953

Microscopic aspects of crack propagation along PET-glass and PET-Al interfaces

This paper reports microscopic investigations of the propagation of cracks along polymer-glass and polymer-metal interfaces. The experimental methods include an asymmetric double cantilever beam in an optical microscope, and bire-fringence and atomic force microscopy of the crack faces. The crack fronts propagate inhomogeneously in space and time by way of forward bursts that spread laterally along the front over a certain distance. Experimental indications for correlation between crack propagation and interface roughness and for the occurrence of shear-bands in front of the propagating interface cracks are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Local delamination on heavily deformed polymer-metal interfaces:evidence from microscopy

In this work the microstructure of interfaces present in heavily bi-axially deformed polymer-coated metal is studied. Cross sections of deformed polymer-coated steel are prepared using several polishing strategies, including the use of focused ion beam, and are imaged using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We find that the interfaces show significant details right down to the smallest scale observable with the preparation techniques used of about similar to 10 nm. Local delamination events at these deformed interfaces are observed and are found to be preferentially associated with overhanging parts on the interface. Overhanging parts are frequently observed, but only below a certain length-scale on the interfaces that are otherwise found to be self-affine up to a certain correlation length. The smallest detail includes the tail of the size distribution of the overhanging features. Together this suggests that the physical mechanisms determining the formation of critical features for adhesion operate at sub-grain level as well as at grain level

Skilful prediction of Sahel summer rainfall on inter-annual and multi-year timescales

This is the final version of the article. Available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Summer rainfall in the Sahel region of Africa exhibits one of the largest signals of climatic variability and with a population reliant on agricultural productivity, the Sahel is particularly vulnerable to major droughts such as occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. Rainfall levels have subsequently recovered, but future projections remain uncertain. Here we show that Sahel rainfall is skilfully predicted on inter-annual and multi-year (that is, >5 years) timescales and use these predictions to better understand the driving mechanisms. Moisture budget analysis indicates that on multi-year timescales, a warmer north Atlantic and Mediterranean enhance Sahel rainfall through increased meridional convergence of low-level, externally sourced moisture. In contrast, year-to-year rainfall levels are largely determined by the recycling rate of local moisture, regulated by planetary circulation patterns associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our findings aid improved understanding and forecasting of Sahel drought, paramount for successful adaptation strategies in a changing climate.This work was supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101) and the EU FP7 SPECS project. The contribution of D.P.R. has received funding from the NERC/DFID Future Climate for Africa programme under the AMMA-2050 project, grant number NE/M019977/1