Cambios en los usos y cubiertas del suelo y los efectos en la vulnerabilidad en las comarcas de montaña de Cataluña. Del rol del fuego como herramienta de gestión a los incendios como amenaza

Fire is one of the oldest and most efficient tools for managing land use in the Pyrenees and has contributed to shaping a landscape of great cultural and ecological diversity. Human actions affecting land cover have introduced certain changes that affect the role and our perception of forest fires, converting them from one of the normal processes of nature into a serious threat to ecosystems and to society. This study addresses the question: what specific changes in the Pyrenees have led to the current perception of forest fire as a risk or threat? Using GIS and statistical analysis, we conducted a quantitative assessment of land cover changes and we reviewed the forest fires that have occurred in the counties (comarques) of the Catalan Pyrenees between 1993-2007, in terms of seasonality and some characteristics of the territory as altitude, slope and orientation. The results shows that: a) land cover change tend to forestry and a more homogeneous landscape; b) most surface burned occurred in bush and clear forest, what is a sign of the trend of forest transition; c) there is a concentration of fires in winter ahead of summer and are located in accessible areas.En los Pirineos el fuego ha sido una de las herramientas más antiguas y eficientes de la historia de la gestión de los usos del suelo y ha contribuido a dar forma a un paisaje de una gran diversidad. La acción humana sobre la cubierta del suelo ha introducido algunas modificaciones, de forma que los incendios forestales han dejado de ser un proceso más del sistema natural para convertirse en una grave amenaza para los ecosistemas y para la sociedad. Utilizando técnicas SIG y análisis estadístico se cuantifican los cambios en las cubiertas del suelo y se hace una diagnosis de los puntos de ignición ocurridos en las comarcas de montaña del Pirineo catalán durante el periodo 1993- 2007, en función de la estacionalidad y algunas características del territorio como la altitud, la pendiente y la orientación. De esta forma se pretende aportar argumentos que ayuden a dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿qué ha cambiado en el Pirineo para que los incendios actualmente constituyan un riesgo? Los resultados indican que: a) los cambios en las cubiertas del suelo tienden al recubrimiento arbóreo y a un paisaje forestal más homogéneo; b) la mayoría de incendios que queman mayor superfície empiezan en zonas de matorral y bosque claro, lo cual supone una muestra de la tendencia a la transición forestal después del abandono de las actividades tradicionales en las áreas de montaña c) los incendios se concentran en invierno y se localizan en zonas accesibles

Enzyme-Catalyzed Macrocyclization of Long Unprotected Peptides

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyzed macrocyclization reaction for peptides up to 40 amino acids in length is reported. GST catalyzes the selective SNAr reaction between an N-terminal glutathione (GSH, γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) tag and a C-terminal perfluoroaryl-modified cysteine on the same polypeptide chain. Cyclic peptides ranging from 9 to 24 residues were quantitatively produced within 2 h in aqueous pH = 8 buffer at room temperature. The reaction was highly selective for cyclization at the GSH tag, enabling the combination of GST-catalyzed ligation with native chemical ligation to generate a large 40-residue peptide macrocycle.Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT startup funds)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant GM101762)Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (Award)Sontag Foundation (Distinguished Scientist Award)Amgen Inc. (Summer Graduate Research Fellowship

Conservation of the Human Integrin-Type Beta-Propeller Domain in Bacteria

Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface receptors with key functions in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Integrin α and β subunits are present throughout the metazoans, but it is unclear whether the subunits predate the origin of multicellular organisms. Several component domains have been detected in bacteria, one of which, a specific 7-bladed β-propeller domain, is a unique feature of the integrin α subunits. Here, we describe a structure-derived motif, which incorporates key features of each blade from the X-ray structures of human αIIbβ3 and αVβ3, includes elements of the FG-GAP/Cage and Ca2+-binding motifs, and is specific only for the metazoan integrin domains. Separately, we searched for the metazoan integrin type β-propeller domains among all available sequences from bacteria and unicellular eukaryotic organisms, which must incorporate seven repeats, corresponding to the seven blades of the β-propeller domain, and so that the newly found structure-derived motif would exist in every repeat. As the result, among 47 available genomes of unicellular eukaryotes we could not find a single instance of seven repeats with the motif. Several sequences contained three repeats, a predicted transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic motif associated with some integrins, but otherwise differ from the metazoan integrin α subunits. Among the available bacterial sequences, we found five examples containing seven sequential metazoan integrin-specific motifs within the seven repeats. The motifs differ in having one Ca2+-binding site per repeat, whereas metazoan integrins have three or four sites. The bacterial sequences are more conserved in terms of motif conservation and loop length, suggesting that the structure is more regular and compact than those example structures from human integrins. Although the bacterial examples are not full-length integrins, the full-length metazoan-type 7-bladed β-propeller domains are present, and sometimes two tandem copies are found

The Evolution of Extracellular Matrix

We present a perspective on the molecular evolution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in metazoa that draws on research publications and data from sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag libraries. ECM components do not function in isolation, and the biological ECM system or “adhesome” also depends on posttranslational processing enzymes, cell surface receptors, and extracellular proteases. We focus principally on the adhesome of internal tissues and discuss its origins at the dawn of the metazoa and the expansion of complexity that occurred in the chordate lineage. The analyses demonstrate very high conservation of a core adhesome that apparently evolved in a major wave of innovation in conjunction with the origin of metazoa. Integrin, CD36, and certain domains predate the metazoa, and some ECM-related proteins are identified in choanoflagellates as predicted sequences. Modern deuterostomes and vertebrates have many novelties and elaborations of ECM as a result of domain shuffling, domain innovations and gene family expansions. Knowledge of the evolution of metazoan ECM is important for understanding how it is built as a system, its roles in normal tissues and disease processes, and has relevance for tissue engineering, the development of artificial organs, and the goals of synthetic biology

Transverse tubule remodelling: a cellular pathology driven by both sides of the plasmalemma?

Transverse (t)-tubules are invaginations of the plasma membrane that form a complex network of ducts, 200–400 nm in diameter depending on the animal species, that penetrates deep within the cardiac myocyte, where they facilitate a fast and synchronous contraction across the entire cell volume. There is now a large body of evidence in animal models and humans demonstrating that pathological distortion of the t-tubule structure has a causative role in the loss of myocyte contractility that underpins many forms of heart failure. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms of pathological t-tubule remodelling to date have focused on proteins residing in the intracellular aspect of t-tubule membrane that form linkages between the membrane and myocyte cytoskeleton. In this review, we shed light on the mechanisms of t-tubule remodelling which are not limited to the intracellular side. Our recent data have demonstrated that collagen is an integral part of the t-tubule network and that it increases within the tubules in heart failure, suggesting that a fibrotic mechanism could drive cardiac junctional remodelling. We examine the evidence that the linkages between the extracellular matrix, t-tubule membrane and cellular cytoskeleton should be considered as a whole when investigating the mechanisms of t-tubule pathology in the failing heart