8 research outputs found
Effects of P-MAPA immunomodulator on Toll-like receptor 2, ROS, nitric oxide, MAPKp38 and IKK in PBMC and macrophages from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis
Leishmania (L.) chagasi is the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that can be transmitted to humans and dogs. VL in Brazil represents a serious public health problem; therefore, it is important to study new alternatives to treat infected dogs. In dogs, the therapeutic arsenal against canine VL is limited. The immunomodulator protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride (P-MAPA) improves immunocompetence when the immune system is impaired, but its dependence on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the mechanisms involved in immune response remain unclear. The in vitro action of P-MAPA on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and IKK phosphorylation was studied in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and macrophages from healthy and Leishmania-infected dogs. The PBMC or macrophages were isolated and cultured with different concentrations of P-MAPA (20,100 and 200 mu g/ml) in a humid environment at 37 degrees C with 5% CO2. Observation revealed that Leishmania-infected dogs showed a decrease in TLR2 in macrophages compared with healthy dogs and in induction with P-MAPA. ROS were increased in PBMCs from Leishmania spp.-infected dogs compared with healthy dogs and P-MAPA improved ROS production. NO production was increased in culture supernatant from macrophages stimulated by P-MAPA in both healthy and Leishmania spp. infected dogs. Treatment of macrophages from healthy dogs with immunomodulatory P-MAPA induced p38 MAPK and IKK phosphorylation, suggesting signal transduction by this pathway. These findings suggest that P-MAPA has potential as a therapeutic drug in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP
Identifying the sister species to the rapid capuchino seedeater radiation (Passeriformes: Sporophila
Tiny Bird, Huge Mystery—The Possibly Extinct Hooded Seedeater (Sporophila melanops) Is a Capuchino with a Melanistic Cap
Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations
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Previous issue date: 2017-10-01Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasAgencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y TecnológicaPsittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets.Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable CONICET—Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos AiresJustus-Liebig-Universität Giessen Department of Animal Ecology and SystematicsTexas A&M University Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary MedicineSociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação AmbientalUniversidade Federal de SergipePrograma Lapa Verde Centro Científico TropicalFacultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La PlataArea de Conservación Pacífico Central ACOPAC Programa de Vida SilvestreWildlife Conservation SocietyAarhus UniversityGrupo de Ecología Conservación de Islas A.C. (GECI)University of California Department of Environment Science Policy & ManagementUniversidad Nacional Federico VillarrealUniversidade Federal de GoiásInstituto Venezolano de Investigaciones CientíficasProyecto Selva de Pino ParanáUnidos por las Guacamayas A. C.SELVA: Investigación para la conservación en el NeotrópicoInstituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaUniversity of BrasíliaUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Exatas e da NaturezaCentro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres/ICMBioUniversidade Federal do Pará Instituto de Ciências BiológicasGuyra ParaguayUniversity of Colorado Department of Integrative BiologyThe World Parrot TrustBirdsCaribbeanFundacion del RioUniversitat de BarcelonaSociedad Conservacionista Audubon de VenezuelaUniversidad de Sancti Spíritus ¨José Martí Pérez¨Estación Biológica de Doñana CSICFundación Pro-BosqueCompañeros en Vuelo PIF-SVInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras CONICET—Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataUniversity of North Texas Biological SciencesOne Earth ConservationInstituto Espaço SilvestreUniversidade do Estado do AmazonasNational Aviary Conservation and Field ResearchUniversity of Cape TownBirdlife InternationalPaso PacíficoUniversidade de Passo FundoBiola UniversityMinisterio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA)Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de HidalgoFundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulAQUASISFundación Botánica y Zoológica de BarranquillaProvitaCIT Jujuy CONICET—UNJuFundación de Ciencias para el Estudio y la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (INCEBIO)UNESP Instituto de Biociências de BotucatuUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Estación Biología Chamela Instituto de BiologíaVinculación Interdisciplinaria para el Desarrollo Ambiental y lo SocialMesserli Research Institute University of Veterinary MedicineMuseo Noel Kempff MercadoGobierno Autónomo Departamental de Santa CruzUniversidad Autónoma de SinaloaMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP)University of Freiburg Evolutionary Biology and Animal EcologyMuseu de História Natural Capão da ImbuiaFundação Neotropica do BrasilCEMAVE: Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para a Conservação das Aves SilvestresCORBIDIAsociación Fauna ForeverUniversity of San Francisco Xavier de ChuquisacaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Museo de Zoología Facultad de CienciasU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery ProgramEcho Parrots and PeopleCátedra de Ecología General y Recursos Naturales Universidad Nacional Arturo JauretcheFundación para la Investigación y Conservación de los Loros en Bolivia (CLB)Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA CONICETLaboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoDepto. de Estudios Ambientales Universidad Simón BolívarUNESP Instituto de Biociências de BotucatuConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas: CONICET-PIP 112-201501-0598Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica: FONCyT-PICT 2015-228
Local extinctions exceed colonization rates in a bird community during dry years in the Brazilian Caatinga
Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations
Berkunsky I, Quillfeldt P, Brightsmith DJ, et al. Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations. Biological Conservation. 2017;214:278-287.Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under
threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this
assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in
the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation
involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations.
We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across
21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to
previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing
population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations
include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing,
Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented
on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the
extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the
capture of wild parrots for pets