Gambaran Perkembangan Endodontologi Masa Kini

Development of the biomedical sciences, oral biology and dental material sciences have an impact in the development of endodontology. Similarly are biomolecular and immunology of the pulp and periapical tissue which should be anticipated to develop endodontic clinical services. To date conventional endodontic treatment has confined endodontic surgery. On the other hand, the endodontic surgery can executed with the development of endodontic microsurgery. The endodontic services in Indonesia is still to be elaborated. The Indonesian Department of Health has not established a direction of treatment of endodontic cases which consist of 47.83% (hospital) and 49.90% (Puskesmas) of all the cases of dental diseases, although extraction of permanent tooth has been restricted especially for the 12 years old

Effects of reducing stereotypy on other behaviors: a systematic review

Researchers have shown that high levels of stereotypy in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were correlated with more significant impairments in social and adaptive functioning. Reducing stereotypy may thus potentially occasion an increase in appropriate social and adaptive behaviors. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of reducing stereotypy on engagement in other behaviors. Following a thorough literature search, we identified 60 studies that both reduced engagement in stereotypy and measured engagement in at least one other behavior. We divided the studies into six broad categories: noncontingent reinforcement, differential reinforcement, punishment-based interventions, multiple contingencies, physical exercise, and other antecedent-based interventions. The results of our analyses suggest that reducing stereotypy produces reallocation toward other behaviors, albeit not necessarily appropriate. As such, clinicians and researchers targeting stereotypy should plan to strengthen an appropriate alternative behavior while targeting all response forms of stereotypy for reduction. Moreover, our review suggests that measuring untargeted behaviors when implementing interventions designed to reduce stereotypy may be essential in clinical and research settings

Relationships between anopheline mosquitoes and topography in West Timor and Java, Indonesia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malaria is a serious health issue in Indonesia. Mosquito control is one aspect of an integrated malaria management programme. To focus resources on priority areas, information is needed about the vectors and their habitats. This research aimed to identify the relationship between anopheline mosquitoes and topography in West Timor and Java.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Study areas were selected in three topographic types in West Timor and Java. These were: coastal plain, hilly (rice field) and highland. Adult mosquitoes were captured landing on humans identified to species level and counted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Eleven species were recorded, four of which were significant for malaria transmission: <it>Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles subpictus </it>and <it>Anopheles sundaicus</it>. Each species occupied different topographies, but only five were significantly associated: <it>Anopheles annularis, Anopheles vagus </it>and <it>Anopheles subpictus </it>(Java only) with hilly rice fields; <it>Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles maculatus </it>and <it>Anopheles subpictus </it>(West Timor only) with coastal areas.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Information on significant malaria vectors associated with specific topography is useful for planning the mosquito control aspect of malaria management.</p

Gambaran Perkembangan Endodontologi Masa Kini

Development of the biomedical sciences, oral biology and dental material sciences have an impact in the development of endodontology. Similarly are biomolecular and immunology of the pulp and periapical tissue which should be anticipated to develop endodontic clinical services. To date conventional endodontic treatment has confined endodontic surgery. On the other hand, the endodontic surgery can executed with the development of endodontic microsurgery. The endodontic services in Indonesia is still to be elaborated. The Indonesian Department of Health has not established a direction of treatment of endodontic cases which consist of 47.83% (hospital) and 49.90% (Puskesmas) of all the cases of dental diseases, although extraction of permanent tooth has been restricted especially for the 12 years old

PERPAJAKAN (KONSEP, TEORI & PRAKTIK)

Hingga saat ini, masih banyak masyarakat yang kurang percaya terhadap keberadaan perpajakan di Indonesia. Umumnya, masyarakat hanya mengenal pajak sebagai suatu tradisi membayar sejumlah pungutan kepada pemerintah. Pengetahuan atas dasar, maksud, dan tujuan dari pembayaran pajak masih sangat minim dikalangan umum, pentingnya pengetahuan akan keberadaan Perpajakan, karena saat ini memegang peranan utama dalam struktur pembiayaan negara secara menyeluruh. Pajak akan selalu dinamis mengikuti pola bisnis yang berkembang di masyarakat. Maka dari itu, sebagai warga negara yang baik, sudah seharusnya mau membayar pajak sesuai tarif pajak yang telah ditentukan. Pajak merupakan kontribusi wajib kepada negara yang terutang oleh orang pribadi atau badan yang bersifat memaksa berdasarkan undang-undang tanpa mendapatkan imbalan secara langsung dan digunakan untuk keperluan negara untuk sebesar-besarnya demi kemakmuran rakyat. Maka dari itu seringkali pebisnis melakukan koreksi fiskal dalam pelaporan pajak agar angka pembayaran bisa disesuaikan dengan kondisi perusahaan yang dipegangnya