Contemporary Approach for Technical Reckoning Code Smells Detection using Textual Analysis

Software Designers should be aware of address design smells that can evident as results of design and decision. In a software project, technical debt needs to be repaid habitually to avoid its accretion. Large technical debt significantly degrades the quality of the software system and affects the productivity of the development team. In tremendous cases, when the accumulated technical reckoning becomes so enormous that it cannot be paid off to any further extent the product has to be abandoned. In this paper, we bridge the gap analyzing to what coverage abstract information, extracted using textual analysis techniques, can be used to identify smells in source code. The proposed textual-based move toward for detecting smells in source code, fabricated as TACO (Textual Analysis for Code smell detection), has been instantiated for detecting the long parameter list smell and has been evaluated on three sampling Java open source projects. The results determined that TACO is able to indentified between 50% and 77% of the smell instances with a exactitude ranging between 63% and 67%. In addition, the results show that TACO identifies smells that are not recognized by approaches based on exclusively structural information

Anti-cancer activity of novel dibenzo[b,f]azepine tethered isoxazoline derivatives

10.1186/1472-6769-12-5BMC Chemical Biology12

Chemopreventive potential of β-Sitosterol in experimental colon cancer model - an In vitro and In vivo study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Asclepias curassavica </it>Linn. is a traditional medicinal plant used by tribal people in the western ghats, India, to treat piles, gonorrhoea, roundworm infestation and abdominal tumours. We have determined the protective effect of β-sitosterol isolated from <it>A. curassavica </it>in colon cancer, using <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo </it>models.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The active molecule was isolated, based upon bioassay guided fractionation, and identified as β-sitosterol on spectral evidence. The ability to induce apoptosis was determined by its <it>in vitro </it>antiradical activity, cytotoxic studies using human colon adenocarcinoma and normal monkey kidney cell lines, and the expression of β-catenin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in human colon cancer cell lines (COLO 320 DM). The chemopreventive potential of β-sitosterol in colon carcinogenesis was assessed by injecting 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg b.w.) into male Wistar rats and supplementing this with β-sitosterol throughout the experimental period of 16 weeks at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg b.w.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>β-sitosterol induced significant dose-dependent growth inhibition of COLO 320 DM cells (IC₅₀266.2 μM), induced apoptosis by scavenging reactive oxygen species, and suppressed the expression of β-catenin and PCNA antigens in human colon cancer cells. β-sitosterol supplementation reduced the number of aberrant crypt and crypt multiplicity in DMH-initiated rats in a dose-dependent manner with no toxic effects.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We found doses of 10-20 mg/kg b.w. β-sitosterol to be effective for future <it>in vivo </it>studies. β-sitosterol had chemopreventive potential by virtue of its radical quenching ability <it>in vitro</it>, with minimal toxicity to normal cells. It also attenuated β-catenin and PCNA expression, making it a potential anticancer drug for colon carcinogenesis.</p

What Is New for an Old Molecule? Systematic Review and Recommendations on the Use of Resveratrol

Stilbenes are naturally occurring phytoalexins that generally exist as their more stable E isomers. The most well known natural stilbene is resveratrol (Res), firstly isolated in 1939 from roots of Veratrum grandiflorum (white hellebore) (1) and since then found in various edible plants, notably in Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) (2). The therapeutic potential of Res covers a wide range of diseases, and multiple beneficial effects on human health such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities have been suggested based on several in vitro and animal studies (3). In particular, Res has been reported to be an inhibitor of carcinogenesis at multiple stages via its ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase, and is an anticancer agent with a role in antiangiogenesis (4). Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Res induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells (4). However, clinical studies in humans evidenced that Res is rapidly absorbed after oral intake, and that the low level observed in the blood stream is caused by a fast conversion into metabolites that are readily excreted from the body (5). Thus, considerable efforts have gone in the design and synthesis of Res analogues with enhanced metabolic stability. Considering that reduced Res (dihydro- resveratrol, D-Res) conjugates may account for as much as 50% of an oral Res dose (5), and that D-Res has a strong proliferative effect on hormone-sensitive cancer cell lines such as breast cancer cell line MCF7 (6), we recently devoted our synthetic efforts to the preparation of trans-restricted analogues of Res in which the E carbon-carbon double bond is embedded into an imidazole nucleus. To keep the trans geometry, the two aryl rings were linked to the heteroaromatic core in a 1,3 fashion. Based on this design, we successfully prepared a variety of 1,4-, 2,4- and 2,5-diaryl substituted imidazoles including Res analogues 1, 2 and 3, respectively, by procedures that involve transition metal-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions and highly selective N-H or C-H direct arylation reactions as key synthetic steps. The anticancer activity of compounds 1–3 was evaluated against the 60 human cancer cell lines panel of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA). The obtained results, that will be showed and discussed along with the protocols developed for the preparation of imidazoles 1–3, confirmed that a structural optimization of Res may provide analogues with improved potency in inhibiting the growth of human cancer cell lines in vitro when compared to their natural lead. (1) Takaoka,M.J.Chem.Soc.Jpn.1939,60,1090-1100. (2) Langcake, P.; Pryce, R. J. Physiological. Plant Patology 1976, 9, 77-86. (3) Vang, O.; et al. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e19881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019881 (4) Kraft, T. E.; et al. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009, 49, 782-799. (5) Walle, T. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2011, 1215, 9-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05842.x (6) Gakh,A.A.;etal.Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.2010,20,6149-6151

The crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analysis of N′,N′′′-((1E,1′E)-{[methylenebis(oxy)]bis(6-bromo-3,1-phenylene)}bis(methanylylidene))bis(isonicotinohydrazide) dihydrate and N′,N′′′-((1E,1′E)-{[butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy)]bis(2,1-phenylene)}bis(methanylylidene))bis(isonicotinohydrazide) [+ solvent]

The title compounds, C27H20Br2N6O4·2H2O, (I), and C30H28N6O4·[+ solvent], (II), both crystallize with one half-molecule in the asymmetric unit. The whole molecule of (I) is generated by twofold rotation symmetry, with the twofold rotation axis bisecting the C atom of the –O—CH2—O– bridge. This results in a folded or U-shaped conformation of the molecule. The whole molecule of (II) is generated by inversion symmetry, with the central CH2—CH2 bond of the –O—(CH2)4—O– bridge being located about a center of inversion. This results in a step-like conformation of the molecule. The central C(=O)N—N=C regions of the isonicotinohydrazide moieties in both compounds are planar and the configuration about the imine C=N bonds is E. In compound (I), the benzene and pyridine rings are inclined to each other by 37.60 (6)°. The two symmetry-related pyridine rings are inclined to each other by 74.24 (6)°, and the two symmetry-related benzene rings by 7.69 (6)°. In compound (II), the benzene and pyridine rings are inclined to each other by 25.56 (11)°. The symmetry-related pyridine rings are parallel, as are the two symmetry-related benzene rings. In the crystal of (I), a pair of water molecules link the organic molecules via Owater—H...O and Owater—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001], and enclosing an R42(8) and two R12(5) ring motifs. The chains are linked by N—H...Npyridine hydrogen bonds, forming a supramolecular framework. There are also a number of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and C—H...π and offset π–π interactions [interplanar distance = 3.294 (1) Å] present reinforcing the framework. In the crystal of (II), molecules are linked by N—H...Npyridine hydrogen bonds, forming a supramolecular framework. Here too there are also a number of C—H...O hydrogen bonds present, and a C—H...π interaction, reinforcing the framework. For compound (II), a region of disordered electron density was corrected for using the SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18] routine in PLATON. Their formula mass and unit-cell characteristics were not taken into account during refinement

Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical studies of novel porphyrin bound tetranuclear acyclic manganese(III) and copper(II) complexes

9-15The tetranucleating manganese(III) and copper(II) complexes of the type Mn4LP2, Cu4LP2, where H6LP2= 1,4 bis[2'-hydroxy-3'-(iminotetraphenylporphyrin)-5'-methylbenzyl] piperazine, were synthesized and characterized. Mn4LP2 complex is EPR silent and this indicates that manganese is in +3 oxidation state. Cu4LP2 complex shows broad band with g value centered at 2.06 indicates antiferromagnetic coupling. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicating that the Mn4LP2 complex undergoes quasireversible electron transfer in the cathodic potential region and irreversible electron transfer in the anodic potential region. Cu4LP2 complex undergoes irreversible electron transfer in the cathodic potential region, quasireversible electron transfer in the anodic potential region

Epoxidation of olefin using Mn(III) tetraphenylporphyrin complex as catalyst

505-509Manganese(III) tetraphenylporphyrin acetate (Mn(III)(TPP)OAc) has been synthesized and characterised by C, H,N analysis, IR and electronic spectra. The electrochemical studies of the complex show a single quasireversible electron transfer process at Epc = 0.620 V. Polyisoprene and polychloroprene were epoxidized using Mn(TPP)OAc complex as catalyst and NaOCl or PhIO as oxygen donor. Both polyisoprene and polychloroprene were epoxidized completely within 7 h using NaOCl as oxygen donors and in 12 h using PhIO as the oxygen donor. The reaction was monitored by IR spectroscopy. The peak at 1020 cm-1 due to -CH=CH- disappears completely and a peak has been observed at 970 cm-1, characteristic of oxiranes, indicating the complete conversion of the polyene to polyepoxide. Cyclohexene and styrene were epoxidised using Mn(TPP)OAc complex as catalyst and NaOCl and PhIO as oxygen donors.Epoxidation of styrene is complete in 30 min with 100% yield of styrene epoxide using PhIO, whereas it takes 1h for the completion of the reaction using NaOCl and gives mixed products with 59.71% styrene epoxide, 21.89% benzaldehyde and 18.40% phenylacetaldehyde. Epoxidation of cyclohexene is complete in 1 h using NaOCl with 33.57% cyclohexeneoxide, 13.01% of cyclohex-2-ene-1-ol and 53.42% of cyclohex-2-ene-1-one, whereas the reaction was only 31.22% completed in 1 h using PhIO with 22.06% yield of 2-cyclohexeneoxide, 4.23% of cyclohex-2-ene-1-ol and 4.93% of cyclohex-2-ene-1-one. The reaction was monitored by using gas chromatography