The Collaborative Image of The City: Mapping the Inequality of Urban Perception

A traveler visiting Rio, Manila or Caracas does not need a report to learn that these cities are unequal; she can see it directly from the taxicab window. This is because in most cities inequality is conspicuous, but also, because cities express different forms of inequality that are evident to casual observers. Cities are highly heterogeneous and often unequal with respect to the income of their residents, but also with respect to the cleanliness of their neighborhoods, the beauty of their architecture, and the liveliness of their streets, among many other evaluative dimensions. Until now, however, our ability to understand the effect of a city's built environment on social and economic outcomes has been limited by the lack of quantitative data on urban perception. Here, we build on the intuition that inequality is partly conspicuous to create quantitative measure of a city's contrasts. Using thousands of geo-tagged images, we measure the perception of safety, class and uniqueness; in the cities of Boston and New York in the United States, and Linz and Salzburg in Austria, finding that the range of perceptions elicited by the images of New York and Boston is larger than the range of perceptions elicited by images from Linz and Salzburg. We interpret this as evidence that the cityscapes of Boston and New York are more contrasting, or unequal, than those of Linz and Salzburg. Finally, we validate our measures by exploring the connection between them and homicides, finding a significant correlation between the perceptions of safety and class and the number of homicides in a NYC zip code, after controlling for the effects of income, population, area and age. Our results show that online images can be used to create reproducible quantitative measures of urban perception and characterize the inequality of different cities.MIT Media Lab Consortiu

Industry in Motion: Using Smart Phones to Explore the Spatial Network of the Garment Industry in New York City

Industrial agglomerations have long been thought to offer economic and social benefits to firms and people that are only captured by location within their specified geographies. Using the case study of New York City’s garment industry along with data acquired from cell phones and social media, this study set out to understand the discrete activities underpinning the economic dynamics of an industrial agglomeration. Over a two week period, data was collected by employing the geo-locative capabilities of Foursquare, a social media application, to record every movement of fashion workers employed at fashion design firms located both inside and outside the geographical boundaries of New York City’s Garment District. This unique method of studying worker activity exposed the day-to-day dynamics of an industrial district with a precision thus far undocumented in literature. Our work suggests that having access to the cluster provides almost the same agglomeration economies as residing within its borders.Rockefeller Foundatio

Critérios de construção e relato da análise prototípica para representações sociais

A análise prototípica é uma convenção de apresentação bastante difundida para caracterizar a estrutura de uma representação social a partir de dados de evocações livres. O presente texto visa a sistematizar e indicar algumas dessas informações que deveriam estar presentes na descrição de resultados da análise prototípica, discutindo brevemente os prós e contras de algumas opções de realização da análise. Para tanto, é feita uma breve introdução da análise e posteriormente passa-se a considerações técnicas, finalizando com um exemplo de relato

Le clonage des noisetiers truffiers: interet des vitro-plants

National audienc

Peach/myrobalan plum graft incompatibility in the nursery

10 Pags.- 2 Figs.- 7 Tabls.Various peach/myrobalan graft combinations were compared in nursery trials. Two peach cultivars (Prunus persica L. Batsch) grafted on five myrobalan x myrobalan (Prunus cera- sifera L. Ehrh.) clones were observed during the first year of growth after budding. Graft combinations, comprising the same peach cultivars grafted on other myrobalan x myrobalan clones that had shown symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicated trees during the first year, were observed during the second year of growth. The time taken for the appearance of symptoms of incompatibility was determined. The degree of incompatibility was determined from growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area, and leaf pigment content. Root carbohydrate content was measured at leaf fall. The sanitary state of plant material was determined to explain differences in severity and/or time for symptom appearance, observed between some replicates. No relationship was found between the sanitary state of plant material and the severity or speed of expression of peach/myrobalan incompatibility. When incompatibility was expressed during the first year of growth, modifications in growth rates, leaf dry weight per unit area and leaf pigment content preceded the expression of visible symptoms on leaves by several weeks. In one peach cultivars, in which graft combinations showed symptoms of ‘translocated’ graft incompatibility in some replicates during the first year after budding, all replicates showed such symptoms during the second year. Therefore, the variation observed during the first year appeared to result from a delayed expression of incompatibility. Significant differences in speed and/or severity of incompatibility expression were shown between the two peach cultivars for any given rootstock.The study was partially supported by a Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia of Spain and Ministere de la Recherche et de la Technologie of France grant to the first author.Peer reviewe

Resistance response of the Ma genes from Myrobalan plum to Meloidogyne hapla and M. mayaguensis

International audienc

Marker-assisted selection of the Ma gene from Myrobolean plum for a complete-spectrum root-knot (RKN) resistance in Prunus rootstocks

International audienc

Differential Response to Root-Knot Nematodes in Prunus Species and Correlative Genetic Implications

Responses of 17 Prunus rootstocks or accessions (11 from the subgenus Amygdalus and 6 from the subgenus Prunophora) were evaluated against 11 isolates of Meloidogyne spp. including one M. arenaria, four M. incognita, four M. javanica, one M. hispanica, and an unclassified population from Florida. Characterization of plant response to root-knot nematodes was based on a gall index rating. Numbers of females and juveniles plus eggs in the roots were determined for 10 of the rootstocks evaluated against one M. arenaria, one M. incognita, one M. javanica, and the Florida isolate. These 10 rootstocks plus Nemaguard and Nemared were retested by growing three different rootstock genotypes together in containers of soil infested individually with each of the above four isolates. Garfi and Garrigues almonds, GF.305 and Rutgers Red Leaf peaches, and the peach-almond GF.677 were susceptible to all isolates. Differences in resistance were detected among the other rootstocks of the subgenus Amygdalus. The peach-almond GF.557 and Summergrand peach were resistant to M. arenaria and M. incognita but susceptible to M. javanica and the Florida isolate. Nemaguard, Nemared, and its two hybrids G x N no. 15 and G x N no. 22 were resistant to all but the Florida isolate. In the subgenus Prunophora, Myrobalan plums P.1079, P.2175, P.2980, and P.2984; Marianna plum 29C; and P. insititia plum AD.101 were resistant to all isolates. Thus, two different genetic systems of RKN resistance were found in the subgenus Amygdalus: one system acting against M. arenaria and M. incognita, and another system also acting against M. javanica. Prunophora rootstocks bear a complete genetic system for resistance also acting against the Florida isolate. The hypotheses on the relationships between these systems and the corresponding putative genes of resistance are presented

Translocation events demonstrated by molecular, in situ hybridization and chromosome pairing analyses in highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants

Cytological analyses show rearranged chromosomes in some highly asymmetric nuclear hybrids obtained after fusion of mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (wild type) with γ-irradiated (100 krad), kanamycin-resistant mesophyll protoplasts of Petunia hybrida. Molecular, cytogenetic and in situ hybridization analyses performed on the asymmetric somatic hybrid P1, previously identified as having a clearly metacentric chromosome besides a nearly complete Nicotiana chromosome complement, are reported. Meiotic analysis and in situ hybridization experiments using ribosomal DNA as a probe showed that this metacentric chromosome represents a translocation of a chromosome fragment onto chromosome 9 of N. plumbaginifolia. Southern hybridization with an rDNA probe showed that only Nicotiana-specific rDNA was present. In situ hybridization experiments, using total genomic DNA of P. hybrida as a probe, demonstrated that the translocated fragment represented Petunia DNA. © 1992 Chapman & Hall.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe