Hypernetwork-based peer marking for scalable certificated mass education

In the context of the need for massive free education for the Complex Systems Society and the UNESCO Complex Systems Digital Campus, scalable methods are essential for assessing tens of thousands of students’ work for certification. Automated marking is a partial solution but has many drawbacks. Peer marking, where students mark each others’ assignments, is a scalable solution since every extra student is an extra marker. However there are concerns about the quality of peer marking, since some students may not be competent to mark the work of others. Some students are better than others and often the best students are well qualified to assess the work of their peers. To make peer marking high quality we are using new hypernetwork-based methods to extend previous methods to discover which students are good markers and which students are less good as a course progresses

Plasma and surface diagnostics of silicon nitride thin film coatings generated by SiH4+NH3 RF discharges.

Although plasma processing in low pressure electric discharge reactors has become an extensive and critical step in the fabrication of microelectronic devices, its development has been carried out mostly empirically so far, by changing external reactor parameters in order to develop the best achievable film properties, whereas the intrinsic state of the plasma has been largely unknown [1, 2]. In this work, silicon nitride (SiN) thin films have been grown on silicon samples and on AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT) by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PE-CVD). The SiN coatings have been produced in a RF discharge reactor, employing SiH4 and NH3 as precursors, at different electric powers and gas flow ratios. During depositions, the plasmas have been characterized by mass and time resolved quadrupole mass spectrometry, and the depletion ratios of parent gases have been observed. Afterwards, the refractive indexes and growth rates of the films have been analysed by ellipsometry, and their composition, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The electrical characteristics and frequency responses of these films when deposited on HEMT (where they are just usually employed to passivate these devices against current collapses) have been studied too by means of DC, pulsed currents, and small signal RF measurements. The plasma characteristics for the different deposition conditions have been correlated with the subsequent changes in the properties of the films. A comparison with the results previously reported in the literature is addressed

Multimedia Data Flow Traffic Classification Using Intelligent Models Based on Traffic Patterns

[EN] Nowadays, there is high interest in modeling the type of multimedia traffic with the purpose of estimating the network resources required to guarantee the quality delivered to the user. In this work we propose a multimedia traffic classification model based on patterns that allows us to differentiate the type of traffic by using video streaming and network characteristics as input parameters. We show that there is low correlation between network parameters and the delivered video quality. Because of this, in addition to network parameters, we also add video streaming parameters in order to improve the efficiency of our system. Finally, it should be noted that, based on the objective video quality received by the user, we have extracted traffic patterns that we use to perform the development of the classification model.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad in the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento within the Project with reference TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P.Canovas Solbes, A.; Jimenez, JM.; Romero Martínez, JO.; Lloret, J. (2018). Multimedia Data Flow Traffic Classification Using Intelligent Models Based on Traffic Patterns. IEEE Network. 32(6):100-107. doi:10.1109/MNET.2018.180012110010732

Architecture and Protocol to Optimize Videoconference in Wireless Networks

[EN] In the past years, videoconferencing (VC) has become an essential means of communications. VC allows people to communicate face to face regardless of their location, and it can be used for different purposes such as business meetings, medical assistance, commercial meetings, and military operations. There are a lot of factors in real-time video transmission that can affect to the quality of service (QoS) and the quality of experience (QoE). The application that is used (Adobe Connect, Cisco Webex, and Skype), the internet connection, or the network used for the communication can affect to the QoE. Users want communication to be as good as possible in terms of QoE. In this paper, we propose an architecture for videoconferencing that provides better quality of experience than other existing applications such as Adobe Connect, Cisco Webex, and Skype. We will test how these three applications work in terms of bandwidth, packets per second, and delay using WiFi and 3G/4G connections. Finally, these applications are compared to our prototype in the same scenarios as they were tested, and also in an SDN, in order to improve the advantages of the prototype.This work has been supported by the "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the "Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia, Subprograma Estatal de Generacion de Conocimiento" within the project under Grant TIN2017-84802-C2-1-P.Jimenez, JM.; García-Navas, JL.; Lloret, J.; Romero Martínez, JO. (2020). Architecture and Protocol to Optimize Videoconference in Wireless Networks. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. 2020:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4903420S122202

MHCP: Multimedia Hybrid Cloud Computing Protocol and Architecture for Mobile Devices

[EN] Multimedia cloud computing has appeared as a very attractive environment for the business world in terms of providing cost-effective services with a minimum of entry costs and infrastructure requirements. There are some architecture proposals in the related literature, but there is no multimedia cloud computing architecture with hybrid features specifically designed for mobile devices. In this article, we propose a new multimedia hybrid cloud computing architecture and protocol. It merges existing private and public clouds and combines IaaS, SaaS and SECaaS cloud computing models in order to find a common platform to deliver real time traffic from heterogeneous multimedia and social networks for mobile users. The developed protocol provides suitable levels of QoS, while providing a secure and trusted cloud environment.Jimenez, JM.; Díaz Santos, JR.; Lloret, J.; Romero Martínez, JO. (2019). MHCP: Multimedia Hybrid Cloud Computing Protocol and Architecture for Mobile Devices. IEEE Network. 33(1):106-112. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNET.2018.1300246S10611233

Energy Savings Consumption on Public Wireless Networks by SDN Management

[EN] In order to use the energy more efficiently, network algorithms and protocols must incorporate in their decision mechanisms some functions focused on saving energy. In this paper we have studied different features and parameters of wireless networks to establish their relationship with the power consumption. First, we have analyzed the variation of power consumption of access points (APs) in function of the antenna transmission power. Second, we have collected user information from real public wireless network to determine the real requirements of network resources in real time basis. Based on this information, a new extension for Openflow protocol over Software-Defined Networking (SDN) networks will be proposed to manage the wireless network, with the aim to keep the optimal network performance with minimal power consumption. This extension introduces new Openflow messages and a new function to be incorporated in SDN controllers and Openflow enabled devices. The proposal will be validated by appropriated simulations based on real scenarios: a shopping center and a municipal wireless network.This work has been supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad , through the Convocatoria 2014. Proyectos I + D - Programa Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia in the Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento , Project TIN2014-57991-C3-1-P and the Programa para la Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI-2015-S2-884) by the Universitat Politècnica de València .Jimenez, JM.; Romero Martínez, JO.; Lloret, J.; Díaz Santos, JR. (2019). Energy Savings Consumption on Public Wireless Networks by SDN Management. Mobile Networks and Applications. 24(2):667-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-016-0784-7S667677242Khoa Nguyen K, Jaumard B (2009) Routing engine architecture for next generation routers: evolutional trends. Network Protocols and Algorithms 1(1):62–85. doi: 10.5296/npa.v1i1.151Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2015–2020 White Paper (2016). Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.html . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Recommended Power Management Settings (2016). Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20071125104605/http://www.climatesaverscomputing.org/tools/pwr_mgmt.html . Accessed 3 Nov 2016WWF International website (2016). Available at http://wwf.panda.org /. Accessed 3 Nov 2016ENERGY STAR (2016). The simple choice for energy efficiency. Available at https://www.energystar.gov /. 3 Nov 2016Definition WHAT IS SDN? (2016). Available at https://www.opennetworking.org/sdn-resources/sdn-definition . Accessed 3 Nov 2016OpenFlow (2016). Available at: https://www.opennetworking.org/sdn-resources/openflow . Accessed 3 Nov 2016McKeown N, Anderson T, Balakrishnan H, Parulkar G, Peterson L, Rexford J, Shenker S, Turner J (2008) OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 38(2):69–74Dely P, Kassler A, Bayer N (2011) OpenFlow for wireless mesh networks. In 2011 proceedings of 20th international conference on computer communications and networks (ICCCN), July 31-Aug 4 2011, pp 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ICCCN.2011.6006100Guidance document_Lot 26_networked standby_clean FIN.pdf. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/Guidance%20document_Lot%2026_Networked%20Standby_clean%20FIN.pdf . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Yang H, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Ji Y, Han J, Lin Y, Qiu YL (2014) Time-aware software defined networking for OpenFlow-based datacenter optical networks. Netw Protocol Algorithm 6(4):77–91Jimenez JM, Romero O, Rego A, Dilendra A, Lloret J (2015) Study of multimedia delivery over software defined networks. Netw Protocol Algorithm 7(4):37–62Jimenez JM, Romero O, Rego A, Dilendra A, Lloret J (2016) Performance study of a software defined network emulator. The twelfth advanced international conference on telecommunications (AICT 2016), May 22–26, 2016, Valencia, SpainMininet An Instant Virtual Network on your Laptop (or other PC) (2016). Available at http://mininet.org /. Accessed 3 Nov 2016Nedevschi S, Popa L, Iannaccone G, Ratnasamy S, Wetherall D (2008) Reducing network energy consumption via sleeping and rate-adaptation. Proceeding NSDI’08 proceedings of the 5th USENIX symposium on networked systems design and implementation, April 16–18, 2008, San Francisco (USA), pp 323–336Feeney LM, Nilsson M (2001) Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an Ad Hoc networking environment. In: proceedings of the twentieth annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, INFOCOM 2001, vol 3, Anchorage, Alaska, April 22–26, pp. 1548–1557. IEEE (2001)Andrade-Morelli S, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Granell E, Lloret J (2012) Energy consumption of wireless network access points. In second international conference, Gree Nets 2012, Gandia, Spain, October 25–26, 2012, pp 81–91. doi: 10.1007/978–3–642-37977-2_8Chen T, Yang Y, Zhang H, Haesik K, Horneman K (2011) Network energy saving technologies for green wireless access networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 18(5):30–38Tapia A, Maitland C, Stone M (2006) Making IT work for municipalities: Buildingmunicipal wireless networks. Gov Inf Q 23(3):359–380van Drunen R, Koolhaas J, Schuurmans H, Vijn M (2003) Building a wireless community network in the netherland. In: USENIX 2003/Freenix Annual technical conference proceedings, San Antonio, Texas, USA, June 9–14, pp 219–230Vu TH, Nam PN, Thanh T, Hung LT, Van LA, Linh ND, Thien TD, Thanh NH (2012) Power aware OpenFlow switch extension for energy saving in data centers. In international conference on advanced technologies for communications, ATC 2012, IEEE, Hanoi, Vietnam, 10–12 Oct 2012, pp 309–313. doi: 10.1109/ATC.2012.6404282Kaup F, Melnikowitsch S, Hausheer D (2014) Measuring and modeling the power consumption of OpenFlow switches. In IEEE international conference on network and service management (CNSM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17–21 Nov 2014, pp 181–186DATA SHEET. ARUBA 103 SERIES ACCESS POINTS (2016). Available at: http://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_AP103Series.pdf . Accessed 3 Nov 2016DATA SHEET. ARUBA RAP-100 SERIES REMOTE ACCESS POINTS (2016). Available at: http://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/ds/DS_RAP-100.pdf . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Cisco Aironet 1240AG Series 802.11A/B/G Access Point Data Sheet (2016). Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/collaboration-endpoints/unified-ip-phone-7900-series/product_data_sheet0900aecd8031c844.html . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Cisco Aironet 1230AG Series 802.11A/B/G Access Point Data Sheet (2016). Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/wireless/aironet-1230-ag-series/product_data_sheet0900aecd801b9068.html . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Cisco Aironet 1130AG IEEE 802.11 A/B/G Access Point (2016). Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/collaboration-endpoints/unified-ip-phone-7900-series/product_data_sheet0900aecd8031c844.html . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Aerohive AP121 (2016). Available at: http://media.aerohive.com/documents/Aerohive_Datasheet_AP121 . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Aerohive AP230 (2016). Available at: http://media.aerohive.com/documents/Aerohive_Datasheet_AP230.pdf . Accessed 3 Nov 2016Aerohive AP330 (2016). Available at: http://media.aerohive.com/documents/Aerohive_Datasheet_AP330.pdf . Accessed 3 Nov 201

Sharp acoustic vortex focusing by Fresnel-spiral zone plates

[EN] We report the optimal focusing of acoustic vortex beams by using flat lenses based on a Fresnelspiral diffraction grating. The flat lenses are designed by spiral-shaped Fresnel zone plates composed of one or several arms. The constructive and destructive interferences of the diffracted waves by the spiral grating result in sharp acoustic vortex beams, following the focal laws obtained in analogy with the Fresnel zone plate lenses. In addition, we show that the number of arms determines the topological charge of the vortex, allowing the precise manipulation of the acoustic wave field by flat lenses. The experimental results in the ultrasonic regime show excellent agreement with the theory and full-wave numerical simulations. A comparison with beam focusing by Archimedean spirals also showing vortex focusing is given. The results of this work may have potential applications for particle trapping, ultrasound therapy, imaging, or underwater acoustic transmitters.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (MINECO) and European Union FEDER through Project Nos. FIS2015-65998-C2-1 and FIS2015-65998-C2-2. N.J. acknowledges financial support from Generalitat Valenciana through Grant No. APOSTD-2017-042.Jimenez, N.; Romero García, V.; García-Raffi, LM.; Camarena Femenia, F.; Staliunas, K. (2018). Sharp acoustic vortex focusing by Fresnel-spiral zone plates. Applied Physics Letters. 112(20):204101-1-204101-5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5029424S204101-1204101-511220J. Nye and M. Berry ,Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences(The Royal Society, 1974), Vol.336, pp. 165–190.Grier, D. G. (2003). A revolution in optical manipulation. Nature, 424(6950), 810-816. doi:10.1038/nature01935Volke-Sepúlveda, K., Santillán, A. O., & Boullosa, R. R. (2008). Transfer of Angular Momentum to Matter from Acoustical Vortices in Free Space. Physical Review Letters, 100(2). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.024302Anhäuser, A., Wunenburger, R., & Brasselet, E. (2012). Acoustic Rotational Manipulation Using Orbital Angular Momentum Transfer. Physical Review Letters, 109(3). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.034301Demore, C. E. M., Yang, Z., Volovick, A., Cochran, S., MacDonald, M. P., & Spalding, G. C. (2012). Mechanical Evidence of the Orbital Angular Momentum to Energy Ratio of Vortex Beams. Physical Review Letters, 108(19). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.194301Hong, Z., Zhang, J., & Drinkwater, B. W. (2015). Observation of Orbital Angular Momentum Transfer from Bessel-Shaped Acoustic Vortices to Diphasic Liquid-Microparticle Mixtures. Physical Review Letters, 114(21). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.214301Wu, J. (1991). Acoustical tweezers. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(5), 2140-2143. doi:10.1121/1.400907Marzo, A., Ghobrial, A., Cox, L., Caleap, M., Croxford, A., & Drinkwater, B. W. (2017). Realization of compact tractor beams using acoustic delay-lines. Applied Physics Letters, 110(1), 014102. doi:10.1063/1.4972407Marzo, A., Caleap, M., & Drinkwater, B. W. (2018). Acoustic Virtual Vortices with Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum for Trapping of Mie Particles. Physical Review Letters, 120(4). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.120.044301Shi, C., Dubois, M., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2017). High-speed acoustic communication by multiplexing orbital angular momentum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(28), 7250-7253. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704450114Thomas, J.-L., & Marchiano, R. (2003). Pseudo Angular Momentum and Topological Charge Conservation for Nonlinear Acoustical Vortices. Physical Review Letters, 91(24). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.91.244302Marchiano, R., & Thomas, J.-L. (2005). Synthesis and analysis of linear and nonlinear acoustical vortices. Physical Review E, 71(6). doi:10.1103/physreve.71.066616Ealo, J. L., Prieto, J. C., & Seco, F. (2011). Airborne ultrasonic vortex generation using flexible ferroelectrets. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, 58(8), 1651-1657. doi:10.1109/tuffc.2011.1992Gspan, S., Meyer, A., Bernet, S., & Ritsch-Marte, M. (2004). Optoacoustic generation of a helicoidal ultrasonic beam. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115(3), 1142-1146. doi:10.1121/1.1643367Hefner, B. T., & Marston, P. L. (1999). An acoustical helicoidal wave transducer with applications for the alignment of ultrasonic and underwater systems. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(6), 3313-3316. doi:10.1121/1.428184Jiang, X., Li, Y., Liang, B., Cheng, J., & Zhang, L. (2016). Convert Acoustic Resonances to Orbital Angular Momentum. Physical Review Letters, 117(3). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.034301Ye, L., Qiu, C., Lu, J., Tang, K., Jia, H., Ke, M., … Liu, Z. (2016). Making sound vortices by metasurfaces. AIP Advances, 6(8), 085007. doi:10.1063/1.4961062Naify, C. J., Rohde, C. A., Martin, T. P., Nicholas, M., Guild, M. D., & Orris, G. J. (2016). Generation of topologically diverse acoustic vortex beams using a compact metamaterial aperture. Applied Physics Letters, 108(22), 223503. doi:10.1063/1.4953075Esfahlani, H., Lissek, H., & Mosig, J. R. (2017). Generation of acoustic helical wavefronts using metasurfaces. Physical Review B, 95(2). doi:10.1103/physrevb.95.024312Jiménez, N., Picó, R., Sánchez-Morcillo, V., Romero-García, V., García-Raffi, L. M., & Staliunas, K. (2016). Formation of high-order acoustic Bessel beams by spiral diffraction gratings. Physical Review E, 94(5). doi:10.1103/physreve.94.053004Wang, T., Ke, M., Li, W., Yang, Q., Qiu, C., & Liu, Z. (2016). Particle manipulation with acoustic vortex beam induced by a brass plate with spiral shape structure. Applied Physics Letters, 109(12), 123506. doi:10.1063/1.4963185Muelas-Hurtado, R. D., Ealo, J. L., Pazos-Ospina, J. F., & Volke-Sepúlveda, K. (2018). Generation of multiple vortex beam by means of active diffraction gratings. Applied Physics Letters, 112(8), 084101. doi:10.1063/1.5016864Jiang, X., Zhao, J., Liu, S., Liang, B., Zou, X., Yang, J., … Cheng, J. (2016). Broadband and stable acoustic vortex emitter with multi-arm coiling slits. Applied Physics Letters, 108(20), 203501. doi:10.1063/1.4949337Jiménez, N., Romero-García, V., Picó, R., Cebrecos, A., Sánchez-Morcillo, V. J., Garcia-Raffi, L. M., … Staliunas, K. (2014). Acoustic Bessel-like beam formation by an axisymmetric grating. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 106(2), 24005. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/106/24005Sanchis, L., Yánez, A., Galindo, P. L., Pizarro, J., & Pastor, J. M. (2010). Three-dimensional acoustic lenses with axial symmetry. Applied Physics Letters, 97(5), 054103. doi:10.1063/1.3474616Farnow, S. A., & Auld, B. A. (1974). Acoustic Fresnel zone plate transducers. Applied Physics Letters, 25(12), 681-682. doi:10.1063/1.1655359Molerón, M., Serra-Garcia, M., & Daraio, C. (2014). Acoustic Fresnel lenses with extraordinary transmission. Applied Physics Letters, 105(11), 114109. doi:10.1063/1.4896276Jiménez, N., Romero-García, V., Picó, R., Garcia-Raffi, L. M., & Staliunas, K. (2015). Nonlinear focusing of ultrasonic waves by an axisymmetric diffraction grating embedded in water. Applied Physics Letters, 107(20), 204103. doi:10.1063/1.4935917Cox, B. T., Kara, S., Arridge, S. R., & Beard, P. C. (2007). k-space propagation models for acoustically heterogeneous media: Application to biomedical photoacoustics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(6), 3453. doi:10.1121/1.271740

Natural sonic crystal absorber constituted of seagrass (Posidonia Oceanica) fibrous spheres

[EN] We present a 3-dimensional fully natural sonic crystal composed of spherical aggregates of fibers (called Aegagropilae) resulting from the decomposition of Posidonia Oceanica. The fiber network is first acoustically characterized, providing insights on this natural fiber entanglement due to turbulent flow. The Aegagropilae are then arranged on a principal cubic lattice. The band diagram and topology of this structure are analyzed, notably via Argand representation of its scattering elements. This fully natural sonic crystal exhibits excellent sound absorbing properties and thus represents a sustainable alternative that could outperform conventional acoustic materials.This article is based upon work from COST Action DENORMS CA15125, supported by COST(European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors gratefully acknowledge the ANR-RGC METARoom (ANR-18-CE08-0021) project, the project HYPERMETA funded under the program Etoiles Montantes of the Region Pays de la Loire, and the project PID2019-109175GB-C22 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. N.J. acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICINN) through grant "Juan de la Cierva - Incorporacion" (IJC2018-037897-I). The authors would like to thank V. Pagneux and R. Pico Vila for useful discussions and J. Barber and C. Dordoni for their help in collecting the samples.Barguet, L.; Romero-García, V.; Jimenez, N.; García-Raffi, LM.; Sánchez Morcillo, VJ.; Groby, J. (2021). Natural sonic crystal absorber constituted of seagrass (Posidonia Oceanica) fibrous spheres. Scientific Reports. 11(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79982-9S1811

Bayesian reasoning with emotional material in patients with schizophrenia.

Delusions are one of the most classical symptoms described in schizophrenia. However, despite delusions are often emotionally charged, they have been investigated using tasks involving non-affective material, such as the Beads task. In this study we compared 30 patients with schizophrenia experiencing delusions with 32 matched controls in their pattern of responses to two versions of the Beads task within a Bayesian framework. The two versions of the Beads task consisted of one emotional and one neutral, both with ratios of beads of 60:40 and 80:20, considered, respectively, as the “difficult” and “easy” variants of the task. Results indicate that patients showed a greater deviation from the normative model, especially in the 60:40 ratio, suggesting that more inaccurate probability estimations are more likely to occur under uncertainty conditions. Additionally, both patients and controls showed a greater deviation in the emotional version of the task, providing evidence of a reasoning bias modulated by the content of the stimuli. Finally, a positive correlation between patients’ deviation and delusional symptomatology was found. Impairments in the 60:40 ratio with emotional content was related to the amount of disruption in life caused by delusions. These results contribute to the understanding of how cognitive mechanisms interact with characteristics of the task (i.e., ambiguity and content) in the context of delusional thinking. These findings might be used to inform improved intervention programs in the domain of inferential reasoning.post-print700 K