Мерчандайзинг як партнерська взаємодія виробника та роздробу

У даній статті розглянуто мерчандайзинг як елемент комплексу маркетингових комунікацій, задачі та функції мерчандайзингу для виробника та для роздрібного торговця, їх точки пересічення та розбіжності, висувається припущення про їх взаємодію по цьому питанню, що може збільшити ефект, що очікується від використання методів мерчандайзингу в місцях продажу, як для виробника, так і для магазину.In this article merchandising is considered. Its task and functions for a producer and for a retail dealer, their intersection and divergence. There are also pulled out supposition about their cooperation in this field, what can increase an effect, which is expected from merchandising methods using to both in the places of sale

A High-Fat Diet Enriched with Low Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Reduced Fat Cellularity and Plasma Leptin Concentration in Sprague-Dawley

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids on the accretion pattern of major fat pads, inguinal fat cellularity, and their relation with plasma leptin concentration. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups and received the following diets for 22 weeks: (1) standard rat chow diet (CTRL), (2) CTRL + 10% (w/w) butter (HFAR), (3) CTRL + 3.33% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 6.67% (w/w) soybean oil (MFAR), and (4) CTRL + 6.67% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 3.33% (w/w) soybean oil (LFAR). Inguinal fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration were measured in this study. Results for inguinal fat cellularity showed that the mean adipocyte number for the MFAR (9.2 * 105 ± 3.6) and LFAR (8.5 * 105 ± 5.1) groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the rest, while the mean adipocyte diameter of HFAR group was larger (P<0.05) (46.2 ± 2.8) than the rest. The plasma leptin concentration in the HFAR group was higher (P<0.05) (3.22 ± 0.32 ng/mL), than the other groups. The higher inguinal fat cellularity clearly indicated the ability of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and butter supplemented diets to induce hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells, respectively, which caused adipocyte remodeling due to hyperleptinemia

Fermentation kinetics of some oil palm by-products as ruminant feeds.

The ruminant industry in Malaysia is still not self-sufficient where smallholder farmers keep the majority of ruminant livestock. Limited pasture and poor quality forages urge them to find alternative feedstuffs which are cheaper, of satisfactory nutritive value and available throughout the year. Oil palm by-products meet these criteria, however their fermentation kinetics in the rumen need to be evaluated. The in vitro fermentation kinetics of selected oil palm by-products, namely the oil palm fronds (OPF), palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) were evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. The by-products were assessed at inclusion levels of 100% (raw 100% by-product), 15% (15% by-product + 85% concentrate feed, w/w) and 30% (30% by-product + 70% concentration feed, w/w). The in vitro fermentation of the oil palm by-products was carried out in 100 mL sealed syringes with 0.25 g of substrateand 25 mL of rumen fluid-buffer mixture (1:4 v/v), which were incubated at 39ºC under anaerobic condition for 48 h. Evaluation of the fermentation kinetics was performed on the following parameters, namely gas production, rumen pH, protozoal population, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and long chain fatty acid (LCFA) profiles compared with concentrate feed which acted as the control. The decanter cake (DC) at inclusion levels of 15% and 30% yielded similar gas production, rumen pH, VFA, and total unsaturated fatty acid profile as the concentrate feed. However, the 15% and 30% DC significantly increased the total C18:1 trans fatty acids (p<0.05) compared to the concentrate and the other by-products. It is concluded that the decanter cake showed the greatest potential to be included into ruminant livestock feed which should reduce feed costs, although the increase in the unhealthy trans fatty acids must be taken into account

Mangosteen peel can reduce methane production and rumen biohydrogenation in vitro

Mangosteen peel (MP), an agricultural by-product of tropical countries, has been reported to contain condensed tannins and saponins, which can affect rumen microbes to reduce enteric methane emission. In the present study, the effects of mangosteen peel on in vitro ruminal fermentation, gas production, methane production, fatty acid biohydrogenation, and microbial population were investigated. Results showed that MP at medium and high levels (25 % and 50 % replacing alfalfa) were able to reduce (P &lt;0.05) in vitro methane production without affecting volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and the pH of the substrate. The lowering effect of MP on methane production was because of suppression of the rumen microbial populations, especially total protozoa and total methanogens. MP at the higher level (50%) reduced (P &lt;0.05) the amounts of biohydrogenation for linoleic acid (C18:2n-6), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and the total C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) owing to the reduction of the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens population, that is, the most important rumen microorganism involved in the biohydrogenation process. In conclusion, mangosteen peel has potential to be used in ruminant livestock feeds, with the advantage of reducing ruminal methane production and biohydrogenation, without adverse effects on ruminal pH and VFA production.Keywords: agricultural by-product, saponins, condensed tannins, gas production, volatile fatty acid, microbial quantificatio

High-fat diets rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids delay onset of insulin resistance in rats

Insulin resistance is a growing worldwide syndrome that predispose human to a number of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies have indicated that insulin action is highly influenced by diet compositions particularly dietary fat intake and proportion of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA). The current study was designed to assess the influence of High Fat Diet (HFD) with different n-6: n-3 Fatty Acid Ratios (FAR) on insulin sensitivity, plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipoprotein profile. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups and received the isocaloric high fat diets enriched with either high n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio (HFAR), medium n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio (MFAR), low n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio (LFAR) and compared with control rats fed standard chow (CTRL). The plasma insulin level of HFAR fed rats manifested significantly (P<0.05) higher concentration in most of the time points compared to the other groups. The corresponding insulin AUC (ng/L/120min) and insulin sensitivity index of HFAR fed rats appeared to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than CTRL (335.5±38.5), LFAR (273.7±37.6) and MFAR (265.9±21.7) groups. Blood lipid profile were found to be healthier in the LFAR and MFAR supplemented groups with significantly (P<0.05) lower total cholesterol and TAG levels. This study showed the possible protective effect against insulin resistance when low n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio in high fat diets are applied in a rat model

Effects of long term polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on membrane lipid composition and growth characteristics in rats.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of modifying the n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio (FAR) of diets using fish oil, soybean oil and butter on growth performance and the fatty acid profile of rat fed with commercial concentrate diet. Fifty individually housed Sprague-Dawley rats (average of 130±2 g of body weight) were fed concentrates at 5% of body weight daily. The treatments consisted of dietary n-6:n-3 FAR of 1.94:1, 5.67:1, 51.82:1 and 61.69:1. After feeding for 20 weeks in individual cages, rats were sacrificed 15 h after feeding and samples of blood were collected. Increasing dietary saturated fatty acid increased the body weight significantly in compared to other treatment groups. Concentrations of n-6:n-3 FAR in plasma increased linearly (p0.05) in rat plasma with different n-6:n-3 FAR. Proportions of oleic acid in plasma were unchanged by diet. The proportion of Arachidonic Acid (AA) decreased (p<0.05) in plasma of rat that fed with low level of n-6:n-3 FAR in compare to the diet with higher level. Proportions of all measured long chain n-3 fatty acids were greater in plasma when diets contained more C22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 from fish oil. By decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 FAR, the proportions of long chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma increased dramatically; specifically, 22:6 n-3 and 22:5 n-3

Antioxidant and antihyper- tensive effect of Azadirachta excelsa leaf extract in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model

A research was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Azadirachta excelsa and its antihypertensive effect in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR). The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) was quantified and IC50 level of A. excelsa was determined. For the antihypertensive effect, the rats were randomly assigned into four treatment groups as followed: Group I (normotensive control from Wistar-Kyoto rats),Group II (hypertensive control from SHR), Group III (SHR receiving 250 mg/kg of A. excelsa extract), and Group IV (SHR receiving 40 mg/kg of captopril). The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of these animals was performed by tail-cuff method. The average of TPC and TFC was 202 ± 0.42 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g extract and 198 ± 0.67 mg rutin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the IC50 value of free radical scavenging activity was about 308μg/ml. The systolic blood pressure level of the SHR treated with A.excelsa significantly reduced (153 mmHg; P <0.05) compared to the untreated SHR control (187 mm Hg; Group II). In conclusion, we found that A. excelsa extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg possesses phenolic properties that can be used as a potential treatment for hypertension due to its high antioxidant activities

Effect of powdered seed of Nigella sativa administration on sub-chronic and chronic lead acetate induced hemato-biochemical and histopathological changes in Sprague Dawley rats

Lead acetate (PbAC) toxicity can occur by either ingestion or inhalation from contaminated surfaces or from the environment. Nigella sativa is a natural product with immense pharmacological properties, which include antioxidant, antibacterial, and antianemia properties. It has been showed to counter the effect of PbAC-induced hematological and biochemical changes in short-term studies. This study hypothesized that the N. sativa (NS) administration will ameliorate the deleterious effects of chronic PbAC toxicity in rats. A total of 75 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups of 25 rats, and each group was further sub-divided into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 rats (negative control) were given distilled water, group 2 (positive control; PC) were given 10 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbAC) daily, and groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3) were each given 10 mg/kg of PbAC followed by graded concentrations of powdered seeds of NS; 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Five rats in each group were euthanized at 30, 60, and 90 days for collection of whole blood and selected organs. Whole blood was collected after euthanized via cardio puncture and used to evaluate the complete blood profile, while plasma was used for biochemical analysis. Tissue samples of the liver and kidney were fixed with 10% buffered formalin, processed, and stained with H&E and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) for the liver. Aggression and fear were increased in the PbAC-exposed group and absent in the T3 group. There was a lower (p < 0.05) red blood cell count (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and lymphocyte count in the PC and T1 groups only. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated (p < 0.05) liver enzyme and creatinine levels in the PC and T1 groups on day 90 for AST and day 30 for ALT and creatinine. The level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was higher (p < 0.05) in the PC at 30 and 60 days of sampling. Other parameters, such as WBCs, prothrombin, urea, and cholesterol, were not significant in all groups. Histopathological lesions in the liver and kidneys were more severe in the PC and T1 groups, while the T2 and T3 groups showed mild lesions resulting from N. sativa administration. There was a decrease (p < 0.05) in the total PAS-stained area signifying glycogen depletion in the PC, T1, and T2 groups at 60 days and a higher distribution of the PAS-stained areas (p < 0.05) in the T3 group. At 90 days, the PC group had a lower (p < 0.05) distribution of PAS-stained areas in comparison to the other groups. The results showed the therapeutic potential of N. sativa extract in modulating both hematological and biochemical alterations induced by chronic lead acetate administration in rats

Effect of Nigella sativa pre-treatment on sub-chronic lead acetate induced hematological and biochemical alterations

Lead acetate (LA) toxicity can occur either by ingestion or inhalation from contaminated surfaces or from the environment. Nigella sativa is a natural product with immense pharmacological properties. In this study, the effects of N. sativa pre-treatment on lead acetate induced hematological and biochemical changes were evaluated. A total of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups with 5 rats each. Group 1 (NC) was the negative control, group 2 was the lead acetate control (PC) and was administered 10 mg/kg/per day of lead acetate (LA) per OS for 30 days, group 3 (T1) was administered 200 mg/kg/daily of Nigella sativa orally for a month and Group 4 (T2) was pre-treated with 200 mg/kg/daily of Nigella sativa orally for one month, followed by administration of 10 mg/kg/daily of lead acetate (LA) orally for another month. At the end of the experiment, whole blood and serum were collected to evaluate the complete blood profile and serum biochemistry. The haemogram showed lower (p 0.05) in the control, T1 and T2 groups. The level of SOD and GSH were lower (p < 0.05) in the PC and T2 groups. In summary, this study showed the prophylactic potential of N. sativa extract in modulating both hematological, biochemical and anti-oxidant enzymes alterations induced by sub-chronic lead acetate administration in rats