Business ethics crisis and social sustainability. The case of the product "Pura Vida" in Peru

Peru is a Latin American country with one of the most powerful and dynamic emerging economies in the world; however, it reveals considerable inconsistencies and socioeconomic inequalities. This research demonstrates that business ethics and corporate social responsibility are closely related with the welfare state of the country/region where a company is incorporated. Research work has been carried out on the case of the product "Pura Vida", of the Gloria Company, implementing a mixed research method (documentary, quan and qual) in which a descriptive collection of data from different sources, in relation to the company and the crisis with Pura Vida milk, has been used; additionally, an ad hoc survey has been conducted on a sample of Peruvian citizens to know their insight in relation to the relevant aspects of business ethics and corporate responsibility and their opinion regarding the specific case being investigated; finally, in-depth interviews were held with the company's management staff. It is shown that without a certain degree of welfare state, it is difficult to implement ethics and social responsibility in companies and in society as a whole. In addition, the main concerns of Peruvians regarding ethics and social responsibility can be observed

Role of Methyl Salicylate on Oviposition Deterrence in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plants attacked by herbivores have evolved different strategies that fend off their enemies. Insect eggs deposited on leaves have been shown to inhibit further oviposition through visual or chemical cues. In some plant species, the volatile methyl salicylate (MeSA) repels gravid insects but whether it plays the same role in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana is currently unknown. Here we showed that Pieris brassicae butterflies laid fewer eggs on Arabidopsis plants that were next to a MeSA dispenser or on plants with constitutively high MeSA emission than on control plants. Surprisingly, the MeSA biosynthesis mutant bsmt1-1 treated with egg extract was still repellent to butterflies when compared to untreated bsmt1-1. Moreover, the expression of BSMT1 was not enhanced by egg extract treatment but was induced by herbivory. Altogether, these results provide evidence that the deterring activity of eggs on gravid butterflies is independent of MeSA emission in Arabidopsis, and that MeSA might rather serve as a deterrent in plants challenged by feeding larvae

Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Can Serve as Host Location Cues for a Generalist and a Specialist Egg Parasitoid

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles are important host finding cues for larval parasitoids, and similarly, insect oviposition might elicit the release of plant volatiles functioning as host finding cues for egg parasitoids. We hypothesized that egg parasitoids also might utilize HIPVs of emerging larvae to locate plants with host eggs. We, therefore, assessed the olfactory response of two egg parasitoids, a generalist, Trichogramma pretiosum (Tricogrammatidae), and a specialist, Telenomus remus (Scelionidae) to HIPVs. We used a Y-tube olfactometer to tests the wasps’ responses to volatiles released by young maize plants that were treated with regurgitant from caterpillars of the moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) or were directly attacked by the caterpillars. The results show that the generalist egg parasitoid Tr. pretiosum is innately attracted by volatiles from freshly-damaged plants 0–1 and 2–3 h after regurgitant treatment. During this interval, the volatile blend consisted of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and a blend of aromatic compounds, mono- and homoterpenes, respectively. Behavioral assays with synthetic GLVs confirmed their attractiveness to Tr. pretiosum. The generalist learned the more complex volatile blends released 6–7 h after induction, which consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes. The specialist T. remus on the other hand was attracted only to volatiles emitted from fresh and old damage after associating these volatiles with oviposition. Taken together, these results strengthen the emerging pattern that egg and larval parasitoids behave in a similar way in that generalists can respond innately to HIPVs, while specialists seems to rely more on associative learning

Preference Performance Data

we studied the co-occurrence of two pests in coffee plants, the red spider mite Olygonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the white mealybug Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which predominantly attack the aerial part of coffee plants and populations of both species peak in the dry season, but there is no report whether they share the same host plant. Given that both herbivores are potential plant manipulators, we examined whether herbivory by the white mealybug or the red spider mite can facilitate colonization and establishment of the other species in coffee plants. We conducted host preference and performance assays with the white mealybug and the red spider mite. These tests also allowed us to infer which sequence of attack in multiple infestation in coffee is more likely to occur. Briefly, our study showed that infestation by red spider mites facilitated the colonization and development of white mealybugs, while herbivory by mealybugs did not alter host preference by red spider mites, but increased plant resistance to them. These results indicate that multiple infestation in coffee plants by red spider mites followed by white mealybugs is a likely condition that deserves further investigation with regard to herbivore-induced changes

Preference Performance Data

we studied the co-occurrence of two pests in coffee plants, the red spider mite Olygonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the white mealybug Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which predominantly attack the aerial part of coffee plants and populations of both species peak in the dry season, but there is no report whether they share the same host plant. Given that both herbivores are potential plant manipulators, we examined whether herbivory by the white mealybug or the red spider mite can facilitate colonization and establishment of the other species in coffee plants. We conducted host preference and performance assays with the white mealybug and the red spider mite. These tests also allowed us to infer which sequence of attack in multiple infestation in coffee is more likely to occur. Briefly, our study showed that infestation by red spider mites facilitated the colonization and development of white mealybugs, while herbivory by mealybugs did not alter host preference by red spider mites, but increased plant resistance to them. These results indicate that multiple infestation in coffee plants by red spider mites followed by white mealybugs is a likely condition that deserves further investigation with regard to herbivore-induced changes

Preference Performance Data

we studied the co-occurrence of two pests in coffee plants, the red spider mite Olygonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the white mealybug Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which predominantly attack the aerial part of coffee plants and populations of both species peak in the dry season, but there is no report whether they share the same host plant. Given that both herbivores are potential plant manipulators, we examined whether herbivory by the white mealybug or the red spider mite can facilitate colonization and establishment of the other species in coffee plants. We conducted host preference and performance assays with the white mealybug and the red spider mite. These tests also allowed us to infer which sequence of attack in multiple infestation in coffee is more likely to occur. Briefly, our study showed that infestation by red spider mites facilitated the colonization and development of white mealybugs, while herbivory by mealybugs did not alter host preference by red spider mites, but increased plant resistance to them. These results indicate that multiple infestation in coffee plants by red spider mites followed by white mealybugs is a likely condition that deserves further investigation with regard to herbivore-induced changes.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Preference Performance Data

we studied the co-occurrence of two pests in coffee plants, the red spider mite Olygonychus ilicis (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the white mealybug Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which predominantly attack the aerial part of coffee plants and populations of both species peak in the dry season, but there is no report whether they share the same host plant. Given that both herbivores are potential plant manipulators, we examined whether herbivory by the white mealybug or the red spider mite can facilitate colonization and establishment of the other species in coffee plants. We conducted host preference and performance assays with the white mealybug and the red spider mite. These tests also allowed us to infer which sequence of attack in multiple infestation in coffee is more likely to occur. Briefly, our study showed that infestation by red spider mites facilitated the colonization and development of white mealybugs, while herbivory by mealybugs did not alter host preference by red spider mites, but increased plant resistance to them. These results indicate that multiple infestation in coffee plants by red spider mites followed by white mealybugs is a likely condition that deserves further investigation with regard to herbivore-induced changes.THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV