Sustainable Development of Nigeria\u27s Solid Minerals Through Metal Recycling: a Review

Metal recycling as a path way to sustainable development of Nigeria solid minerals deposits has been reviewed. This paper brings to bear the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030), classification of solid mineral deposits in Nigeria, potential contribution of the solid mineral sector to the nation\u27s gross domestic product (GDP), lifetime (lifecycle) management of a mineral resource, sustaining mineral resource through metal recycling (use of secondary materials) with some of its accompanying benefits, economics of metal recycling and the need for environmental impact assessment when sitting a recycling plant. The review has revealed the following; Metal recycling could oil the nation\u27s wheel of realising some of the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), every state in Nigeria has at least one solid mineral deposit, one tonne of steel made from recycled steel translates to saving 1,115kg of iron ore, 625kg of coal and 53kg of limestone, recycling results in reduction of about 200 million tonnes yearly of CO2 emissions, recycling also results in 76%, 40% and 86% reduction in water pollution, water USAge and air pollution respectively and energy savings derivable from recycling 39% aluminum, 31% copper, 74% lead, 42% steel and 20% zinc are 95%, 85%, 60%, 62-74% and 60% respectively. Therefore, metal recycling provides one of the viable tools for sustaining the nation\u27s solid mineral deposits especially the metallic ores for the benefit of generations yet to be born

A Constrained Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Model for Upscaling Permeability

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Temiloluwa A. Onimisi would like to acknowledge Petroleum Development Trust Fund Nigeria, for funding this PhD research project. Research Funding Petroleum Development Trust Fund NigeriaPeer reviewedPublisher PD

High Performance Dye Sensitized Solar Cells by Plasmonic Enhancement of Silver Nanoparticles in ZnO Photoelectrode with Betanin Pigment

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) introduced in sensitive places in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) has demonstrated superior performance due to surface plasmon resonance effect. Herein, a systematic investigation by introducing plasmonic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the photoanode of DSSCs with Zinc oxide (ZnO) is investigated. The broadening of the absorption band in the visible region is made possible using the natural pigments betanins. The combined effect of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, XRD technique, SEM and solar simulator were used to explore the surface plasmon resonance effect. The ZnO photoanode without Ag- NPs shows a Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 0.156 %, Current Density (Jsc) of 0.477 mAcm-2, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) of 0.762 V and Fill Factor (FF) of 0.431. On coating AgNPs on the pristine photoanode, the PCEs were improved significantly as compared with the pure ZnO based device. The AgNPs were deposited in cycles (2 cycles, 4 cycles and 6 cycles). The device with 2 cycles of Ag NPs, shows a PCE of 0.373 % which demonstrates an enhancement of 2.39 times to that of the prestine device.Also depositing 4 cycles of AgNPs results to PCE of 0.290 % which shows a leading of 0.134 %  ahead of the reference PCE. With 6 cycles of AgNPs deposited on the photoanode of bare ZnO NPs, it results to PCE of 0.244%, FF of 0.592, Jsc of 0.572 mAcm-2 and Voc of 0.722 V which also shows an enhancement of - 1.56 times, 1.37 times and 1.20 times in PCE, FF and Jsc over the device lacking AgNPs. These results show significant increment in performances of all the devices with silver inclusion. The performance is attributed to the reduced recombination of electron–hole pairs due to the Ag-ZnO junction and the generation of intense electric fields at the immediate vicinity of the sensitizer, resulting in enhanced light absorption

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Signal averaging technique for computation of some geologic layer parameters using low quality seismic refraction data

No Abstract

Apparent nutrient digestibility, liver function indices and lipid profile of broiler chickens fed raw and boiled sickle pod (Senna obtusifolia) seed meal

This study was carried out to determine the apparent nutrient digestibility, liver function and lipid profile of broiler chickens fed raw and boiled Senna obtusifolia seed meal. The experiment was conducted in the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Three hundred and thirty (330) day old chicks were used for this study. Chicks were allotted in a complete randomized design to five (5) treatment groups with three (3) replicate having twenty birds per replicate. Five (5) experimental diets were formulated with inclusion of 5% and 10% raw and boiled S. obtusifolia seed meal each at both starter and finisher phases. Data collected were analyzed using the statistical package of SAS and differences between means were separated using Dunnett test. Results showed that there were no significant differences in most parameters measured on apparent nutrient digestibility except for ether extract. The liver enzymes parameters (ALT, AST and ALP) showed no significant differences and were within the normal range as reported in literature. Results obtained from lipid profile showed that significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in total cholesterol and HDL except for triglyceride and LDL. Birds fed 10 % BSOSM had significantly (P<0.05) higher serum cholesterol and HDL than those fed 0% SOSM. Birds fed RSOSM and BSOSM had lower triglycerides values than the control. This indicated that inclusion of S. obtusifolia seed meal in the diets of broiler chickens could reduce the risk of heart problem. It was concluded that inclusion of raw and boiled S. obtusifolia seed meal up to 10% in the diets of broiler chickens had no adverse effect on apparent nutrient digestibility and liver function. However, up to 10% inclusion of S. obtusifolia increased the cholesterol and HDL level in the serum. Lower percentage (less than 10 %) of raw and boiled S.obtusifolia seed meal should be use in the diets of broiler chickens to reduce adverse effect on cholesterol level

Evaluation of optimum inclusion levels of biostrong® 510 15% as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken production under field conditions in Nigeria

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Biostrong® 510 15% (BSG) in broiler chickens diet. It was included at 0 g, 75 g, 100 g and  125 g/100 Kg diet, for T1-T4 respectively while T5 had Oxytetracycline. Data was collected on growth performance indices, haematological parameters, liver function indices, kidney function, blood mineral profile, immune response, antioxidant capacity, villi morphometrics, lipid profile,  ileum and ceacum microbial contents, carcass quality parameters, and tibia bone quality indices. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant differences among treatment means were compared using the Tukey test of significance. Growth performance showed that broilers fed diet containing 100g BSG had optimum performance among other levels. Haematological and liver function indices were not  significantly (P>0.05) different. Birds fed BSG showed decreased cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein compared to the control treatment. Birds fed levels of BSG and AGP had significantly higher bone weight, bone density, bone dry matter and bone ash as compared to birds on the control group. All carcass evaluation parameters were significantly (P<0.05) different among treatments except for dressed weight, breast and kidney. Levels of BSG in the diet significantly lowered the cost of production than AGPs of finisher broilers improved liver health, bone strength, villi characteristics, increased beneficial bacteria population and also prevent the colonization of the gut by pathogenic bacteria thus improving the health of the birds. Biostrong® 510 15%, can therefore effectively replace antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken production. Keywords: Biostrong® 510 15%, Antibiotic growth promoter, Performance, broiler chicken

Effect Of Oxidation Temperature And Oxidation Time On Thickness Of Copper (I) Oxide (Cu2O) Solar Cell

Investigation has been made concerning the effect of oxidation temperature and time on the thickness of copper (I) oxides solar cells prepared by thermal oxidation method. The samples were oxidized at different oxidation temperatures and time. The different oxidation temperatures and lengths of time ware employed in order to find which oxidation temperature and time would result in the least thickness and stability of Cu2O on Cu which is a factor of the sample resistivity and output performance of a solar cell. Result shows that samples oxidized at the following temperatures and times gave the least thicknesses and stable oxides when compared with other samples at the different oxidation temperature and time: 9500C for 7minutes, 9700C for 6minutes, 9800C for 5minutes, 10000C for 4minutes and 10500C for 3 minutes. It was further observed that samples oxidized above or below these temperatures and times do not only exhibit poor performance when used in solar cell fabrication, but also stand the risk of breakage during chemical etching process as a result of the oxides being fragile. Keywords: Annealing, etching, copper (I) oxide, thermal oxidation. Nigerian Journal of Physics Vol. 19 (1) 2007: pp. 55-6

Sustainable development of Nigeria’s solid minerals through metal recycling: a review

Metal recycling as a path way to sustainable development of Nigeria solid minerals deposits has been reviewed. This paper brings to bear the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030), classification of solid mineral deposits in Nigeria, potential contribution of the solid mineral sector to the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), lifetime (lifecycle) management of a mineral resource, sustaining mineral resource through metal recycling (use of secondary materials) with some of its accompanying benefits, economics of metal recycling and the need for environmental impact assessment when sitting a recycling plant. The review has revealed the following; Metal recycling could oil the nation’s wheel of realising some of the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), every state in Nigeria has at least one solid mineral deposit, one tonne of steel made from recycled steel translates to saving 1,115kg of iron ore, 625kg of coal and 53kg of limestone, recycling results in reduction of about 200 million tonnes yearly of CO2 emissions, recycling also results in 76%, 40% and 86% reduction in water pollution, water usage and air pollution respectively and energy savings derivable from recycling 39% aluminum, 31% copper, 74% lead, 42% steel and 20% zinc are 95%, 85%, 60%, 62-74% and 60% respectively. Therefore, metal recycling provides one of the viable tools for sustaining the nation’s solid mineral deposits especially the metallic ores for the benefit of generations yet to be born

Utilisation of enzyme supplemented groundnut cake based diets by laying hens

A total of 300, twenty weeks old laying hens were used in a feeding trial to evaluate the utilisation of Peanut meal popularly called groundnut cake (GNC) based diets supplemented with enzymes by laying hens. Five dietary treatments were formulated to meet standard nutrient requirements of layers viz: 1. maize- soya beans meal (M-SBM) diet,2. maizegroundnut cake (M-GNC) diet without enzyme supplementation,3. M-GNC diet plus protease, 4. M-GNC diet plus G2G (an enzyme complex containing carbohydrases) and 5. M-GNC diet plus a combination of protease and G2G. The laying hens were distributed in a completely randomized design into the five dietary treatments, each having 3 replicates with 20 birds/replicate housed in deep litter pens. Hens were fed their allotted diet and water ad libitum for twelve weeks. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance NOVA and treatment means were separated using DMRT. Body weights of birds were better sustained by M-GNC diets supplemented with enzymes and particularly improved by the GNC diet supplemented with G2 G than the M-SBM diet. Feed consumption was not significantly (P >0.05) different for all the treatment groups. All GNC diets supplemented with enzymes had significantly (P < 0.05) lower feed cost than the SBM based control diet. Best results were obtained for the GNC diet supplemented with a combination of protease and G2G in terms of total egg number (54.5 eggs/hen), average egg weight (56.9 g/egg), egg mass (3101.1g/hen), income above feed cost (756.4 Naira/hen), Hen-day production (67.9 %) and Henhoused production (67.9 %) compared with the performance of birds fed the most expensive SBM diet with values of 50.4 eggs/hen, 56.6 g/egg, 2854.5 g/hen, 686.6 Naira/hen, 63.2% and 63.2% for the parameters respectively. Cost of producing a dozen eggs was highest for SBM diet (170.4 Naira/dozen eggs) than for GNC diets; supplemented with protease (153.2 Naira/dozen eggs), G2G (162.1 Naira/dozen eggs), and with a combination of protease and G2G (163.4 Naira/dozen eggs). Zero mortality was recorded for SBM, GNC plus protease and GNC plus protease and G2 G diets, while highest value of 7.9 % was recorded for GNC diet not supplemented with any enzyme. The utilization of the Groundnut cake can be optimally enhanced by the use of enzymes, particularly a combination of protease and G2G supplementation in layer diets. Production cost is lowered while income is increased by using GNC diets with enzyme supplementation than using SBM diet.Keywords: Soya bean meal, groundnut cake, laying hens, enzymes, performanc