Konsep Riba dalam Alquran dan Literatur Fikih

The majority of commentators (jumhûr al-mufassirîn) argued that the reference of riba is a gift (al-‘athiyyah) of one person to another, not with the aim of reaching Allah\u27s pleasure. However, riba was just to get a mere worldly rewards. The Qur\u27an did not explicitly mention the prohibition of riba. Therefore, the scholars differ on what is really meant by riba in Qur\u27an verses. Some scholars say the meaning of riba in the Quran is forbidden riba or riba nasî\u27ah. In this article, the concept of riba is studied based onthe Jurisprudence literatureDOI

Is increased time to diagnosis and treatment in symptomatic cancer associated with poorer outcomes?:Systematic review

background: It is unclear whether more timely cancer diagnosis brings favourable outcomes, with much of the previous evidence, in some cancers, being equivocal. We set out to determine whether there is an association between time to diagnosis, treatment and clinical outcomes, across all cancers for symptomatic presentations. methods: Systematic review of the literature and narrative synthesis. results: We included 177 articles reporting 209 studies. These studies varied in study design, the time intervals assessed and the outcomes reported. Study quality was variable, with a small number of higher-quality studies. Heterogeneity precluded definitive findings. The cancers with more reports of an association between shorter times to diagnosis and more favourable outcomes were breast, colorectal, head and neck, testicular and melanoma. conclusions: This is the first review encompassing many cancer types, and we have demonstrated those cancers in which more evidence of an association between shorter times to diagnosis and more favourable outcomes exists, and where it is lacking. We believe that it is reasonable to assume that efforts to expedite the diagnosis of symptomatic cancer are likely to have benefits for patients in terms of improved survival, earlier-stage diagnosis and improved quality of life, although these benefits vary between cancers

A study on the attitudes of teachers of St. Mary\u27s Academy, Bacolor, Pampanga toward in-service training activities

v. 1. Twenty-six elementary and high school teachers, teaching at St. Mary\u27s Academy (SMA), Bacolor, Pampanga during the school year 1976-1977, were the subjects of a study conducted to determine the attitudes of teachers towards in-service training activities. This study investigated whether there were significant differences in attitudes between the elementary and high school faculty and between the male and female faculty. It also examined whether the teachers consider the different in-service training activities useful and relevant to their needs. A survey type of research was used by the researcher to get the necessary data for the study. A questionnaire was prepared by the researcher after consulting the teachers and school administrators of the said school and after reading related literature and studies. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. Part I included the opinions and ideas about in-service training and Part II were the different in-service training activities included in an in-service program. As to whether there were significant differences in attitudes between the elementary and high school faculty of SMA, the first part of the questionnaire revealed no significant difference in attitudes between the elementary and high school faculty toward in-service training activities however the second part revealed a significant difference. On the question of significant difference in attitudes toward in-service training activities between the male and female faculty, the study revealed that that there was no significant difference for the first part of the questionnaire however, there was a significant difference shown in the second part. The male teachers found the different activities somewhat useful while the female teachers found them useful or helpful to them. Based on the ranked item means and distributed means, the teachers showed favorable attitudes toward in-service training activities and found these different activities useful and relevant to their needs as a whole. v. 2. This faculty development program was primarily designed to answer the urgent need of the schools today, especially that of St. Mary\u27s Academy (SMA) to help the teachers keep abreast with the various changes going on in the field of education, to improve the quality of instruction and to develop the academic status of the Pre-school and Grade School faculty for future administrative work. In designing the program intensive research was conducted in the school and among Pre-school and Grade School faculty of SMA. School and faculty records were examined followed by interviews with faculty and school administrators for further clarifications of the data gathered from these records. v. 3. This problem of conflict in St. Anne\u27s Academy is evidenced by a number of sources. An analysis of the organizational chart showed that the school set-up is not well organized. The school had two school heads. Further examination into the nature and qualification of the characters involved cold also lead to a clearer understanding of the case

Delays in time to primary treatment after a diagnosis of breast cancer: does it impact survival?

Objective. Treatment delays in breast cancer are generally thought to affect prognosis but the impact on survival remains unclear. Indicators for breast cancer care include time to primary treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether time to primary treatment (TPT) in breast cancer impacts survival. Method. A total of 648 breast cancer patients treated in the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Malaysia between 2004 and 2005 were included in the study. TPT was calculated from the date of pathological diagnosis to the date of primary treatment. Mortality data was obtained from the National Registry of Births and Deaths. Last date of follow-up was November 2010. Results. Median TPT was 18 days. Majority 508 (69.1) of the patients received treatment within 30 days after diagnosis. The majority was surgically treated. Ethnicity (p = 0.002) and stage at presentation (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with delayed TPT. Malay ethnicity had delayed TPT compared to the Chinese; Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.9 (Confidence Interval (CI) 1.237, 2.987). Delayed TPT did not affect overall survival on univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusion. Time to primary treatment after a diagnosis of breast cancer had no impact on overall survival. Further studies on care before diagnosis are important in drawing up meaningful quality indicators. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and delays in presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer patients in public hospitals in Malaysia

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used among the breast cancer patients in Malaysia. Delays in presentation, diagnosis and treatment have been shown to impact the disease prognosis. There is considerable use of CAM amongst breast cancer patients. CAM use has been cited as a cause of delay in diagnosis and treatments in qualitative studies, however there had not been any confirmatory study that confirms its impact on delays. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of CAM among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients was associated with delays in presentation, diagnosis or treatment of breast cancer. This multi-centre cross-sectional study evaluating the time points of the individual breast cancer patients' journey from first visit, resolution of diagnosis and treatments was conducted in six public hospitals in Malaysia. All newly diagnosed breast cancer patients from 1st January to 31st December 2012 were recruited. Data were collected through medical records review and patient interview by using a structured questionnaire. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) was defined as the use of any methods and products not included in conventional allopathic medicine before commencement of treatments. Presentation delay was defined as time taken from symptom discovery to first presentation of more than 3 months. The time points were categorised to diagnosis delay was defined as time taken from first presentation to diagnosis of more than 1 month and treatment delay was defined as time taken from diagnosis to initial treatment of more than 1 month. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis. A total number of 340 patients participated in this study. The prevalence of CAM use was 46.5% (n = 158). Malay ethnicity (OR 3.32; 95% CI: 1.85, 5.97) and not interpreting symptom as cancerous (OR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.92) were significantly associated with CAM use. The use of CAM was associated with delays in presentation (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.59), diagnosis (OR 2.42; 95% CI: 1.56, 3.77) and treatment of breast cancer (OR 1.74; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.72) on univariate analyses. However, after adjusting with other covariates, CAM use was associated with delays in presentation (OR 1.71; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.78) and diagnosis (OR 2.58; 95% CI: 1.59, 4.17) but not for treatment of breast cancer (OR 1.58; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.55). The prevalence of CAM use among the breast cancer patients was high. Women of Malay ethnicity and not interpreting symptom as cancerous were significantly associated with CAM use. The use of CAM is significantly associated with delay in presentation and resolution of diagnosis. This study suggests further evaluation of access to breast cancer care is needed as poor access may cause the use of CAM. However, since public hospitals in Malaysia are heavily subsidized and readily available to the population, CAM use may impact delays in presentation and diagnosis