The new path of law : from theory of chaos to theory of law

From chaos to chaos theory, from the primordial perception of the world as disorderly to the scientific research of disorder a long distance has been covered. This path implies openness of mind and scientific boldness which connect mythological perceptions of the world with philosophical and scientific interpretations of phenomena throughout the world in a quite distinctive way resting on the creation of a model and application of computing. Owing to this, for the first time instead of asking What awaits us in the future? we can ask What can be done in the future? and get a reliable scientific answer to the question

Impurity effects on optical response in a finite band electronic system coupled to phonons

The concepts, which have traditionally been useful in understanding the effects of the electron--phonon interaction in optical spectroscopy, are based on insights obtained within the infinite electronic band approximation and no longer apply in finite band metals. Impurity and phonon contributions to electron scattering are not additive and the apparent strength of the coupling to the phonon degrees of freedom is substantially reduced with increased elastic scattering. The optical mass renormalization changes sign with increasing frequency and the optical scattering rate never reaches its high frequency quasiparticle value which itself is also reduced below its infinite band value

Phase Diagram of CeCoIn_5 in the Vicinity of H_{c2} as Determined by NMR

We report ^{115}In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements in the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn_5 as a function of temperature in different magnetic fields applied parallel to the $(\hat a, \hat b)$ plane. The measurements probe a part of the phase diagram in the vicinity of the superconducting critical field H_{c2} where a possible inhomogeneous superconducting state, Fulde-Ferrel-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO), is stabilized. We have identified clear NMR signatures of two phase transitions occurring in this part of the phase diagram. The first order phase transitions are characterized by the sizable discontinuity of the shift. We find that a continuous second order phase transition from the superconducting to the FFLO state occurs at temperature below which the shift becomes temperature independent. We have compiled the first phase diagram of CeCoIn_5 in the vicinity of H_{c2} from NMR data and found that it is in agreement with the one determined by thermodynamic measurements.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to Proceedings of SCES'0

Terminology, diagnostics and therapy of laryngopharyngeal reflux: A glimpse into the past

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Effect of disorder on the NMR relaxation rate in two-band superconductors

We calculate the effect of nonmagnetic impurity scattering on the spin-lattice relaxation rate in two-band superconductors with the s-wave pairing symmetry. It is found that for the interaction parameters appropriate for MgB2 the Hebel-Slichter peak is suppressed by disorder in the limit of small interband impurity scattering rate. In the limit of strong impurity scattering, when the gap functions in the two bands become nearly equal, the single-band behavior is recovered with a well-defined coherence peak just below the transition temperature.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

On an extension of a bilinear functional on Lp(Rd)⊗E to a Bochner space with an application to velocity averaging

We examine necessary and sufficient conditions under which a continuous bilinear functional B on Lp(Rd)⊗E, p>1, E being a separable Banach space, can be continuously extended to a linear functional on Lp(Rd;E). The extension enables a generalisation of the H-distribution concept, allowing us to obtain a (heterogeneous) velocity averaging result in the Lp framework for any p>1

Bloggers Behavior and Emergent Communities in Blog Space

Interactions between users in cyberspace may lead to phenomena different from those observed in common social networks. Here we analyse large data sets about users and Blogs which they write and comment, mapped onto a bipartite graph. In such enlarged Blog space we trace user activity over time, which results in robust temporal patterns of user--Blog behavior and the emergence of communities. With the spectral methods applied to the projection on weighted user network we detect clusters of users related to their common interests and habits. Our results suggest that different mechanisms may play the role in the case of very popular Blogs. Our analysis makes a suitable basis for theoretical modeling of the evolution of cyber communities and for practical study of the data, in particular for an efficient search of interesting Blog clusters and further retrieval of their contents by text analysis

The voice of patients with laryngeal carcinoma after oncosurgery

The voice of patients indicated for surgical procedures in treating of dysphonia is already damaged before the operation. The problem, which exists at the level of glottis patients usually try to solve by compensative mechanisms. The quality of voice after the interventions in larynx depends on the type and width of resection, disturbance of physiological phonation mechanisms, and ability to establish optimal phonation automatism. The damage of laryngeal structure, especially its glottic part and vocal cords as its central part, no matter if they are just fibrous or they are partially or totally absent, leads into the development of substitutive phonation mechanisms. The most frequent substitutive mechanisms are: vestibular, ventricular, and chordoventricular phonation. There are some variations of these phonation mechanisms, which are conditioned not only by applied surgical technique, but as they are also individual characteristics, they can be the consequence of applied rehabilitation methods. The diagnosis of voice condition before and after the oncosurgical procedure is done by: laryngostroboscopy, subjective acoustic analysis of voice, and objective acoustic analysis of voice (sonography or computer analysis of acoustic signal). The most of laryngeal carcinomas appear in glottic region, so the function of phonation imposes itself as the objective parameter to measure the quality of life after the oncosurgery of larynx. That is the reason why according to the priority, it is just behind the principle of "oncologic radicalism". Phonation as the most complex laryngeal function seems to have secondary importance. All known operative techniques, especially partial resections, have the preservation of phonation as their goal

Spatially Resolved NMR Relaxation Rate in a Noncentrosymmetric Superconductor

We numerically study the spatially-resolved NMR around a single vortex in a noncentrosymmetric superconductor such as CePt3Si. The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 under the influence of the vortex core states is calculated for an s+p-wave Cooper pairing state. The result is compared with that for an s-wave pairing state.Comment: 2 pages; submitted to Proc. of SCES'0

Der realistische Begriff des Rechts

The law is an extremely complex phenomenon. It is very difficult to determine it precisely as the complete comprehension and ultimate definition of the law are beyond human capabilities. Also, the law never coincides with its concept, nor does the concept of the law coincide with its definition. This fact shows that the real human capabilities for the comprehension, determination and definition of the law are very limited and the limits are unreliable. The concept of the law is relative as well, which is why all the definitions of the law are also relative. The concept and the definition of the law are also relative because they are of necessity subjective. It is for this reason that they are never truthful. However, even when they are not truthful, they are always useful. Because of these essential cognitive shortcomings and limitations, the law is determined and defined realistically – in a conventional and operative manner – whenever it is possible to do so. Additional difficulties are created by the fact that the number of conventional concepts and definitions of the law is almost limitless. Fortunately, only a number of them, considered operative, are used in the law. And all this because of a possible usefulness. Should the law be useful, then its realistic concept can be determined by the establishment of its common characteristics. On the basis of having at its disposal the mentioned common characteristics, the concept of the law can be operationally determined in both the expanded sense and the restricted sense. Also, it is possible to tell the difference between the three main layers in the concept of the law: complete (perfect), incomplete (imperfect) and unfinished (illusionary or naked) law. Obviously, the realistically determined concept of the law is not one-sided, nor is it monolithic, but complex, detailed and as a whole composed of layers of different degrees of being legal. They are used to finely tune the ordering of the relationships between different importance and the degree of the conflict and, which is also important, to legally regulate even those social areas that would otherwise be exclusively regulated with the state or with the social norms. Otherwise, even the Ten Commandments alone would be insufficient to regulate all human relationships. However, the law did not come into being out of leisure time, but out of dire human need to protect the society from self-destruction. Contrary to the realistic concept of the law, there also exist its idealistic, idealized and ideal concepts. However, the idealistic concept of the law is inoperative, the idealized concept of the law is not correct, while the ideal concept of the law is out of human reach.Pravo predstavlja izuzetno složenu pojavu. Njega je veoma teško točno odrediti, jer su potpuna spoznaja i konačno definiranje prava izvan ljudskih mogućnosti. Također, pravo se nikada ne podudara sa svojim pojmom, niti se pojam prava podudara sa svojom definicijom. Ta činjenica pokazuje da su stvarne ljudske mogućnosti za spoznavanje, određivanje i definiranje prava veoma ograničene, a granice nepouzdane. Pojam prava je i relativan, zbog čega su relativne i sve definicije prava. Pojam i definicija prava su relativni i zbog toga što su nužno subjektivni. Zbog toga oni nikada nisu istiniti. Ali, i kada nisu istiniti, oni su uvijek korisni. Zbog tih bitnih spoznajnih nedostataka i ograničenja, pravo se određuje i definira realistički – na konvencionalan i operativan način – kad god je to moguće. Dodatnu teškoću predstavlja činjenica da konvencionalnih pojmova i definicija prava ima gotovo beskonačno. Srećom, u pravu se koristi samo nekoliko njih koje se smatraju operativnima. I sve to zbog moguće korisnosti. Ako pravo treba biti korisno, tada se njegov realistički pojam može odrediti utvrđivanjem njegovih zajedničkih svojstava. Na osnovu raspoloživosti navedenih zajedničkih svojstava, pojam prava može se operativno odrediti u proširenom i suženom smislu. Također, mogu se razlikovati tri glavna sloja u pojmu prava: potpuno (savršeno), nepotpuno (nesavršeno) i nedovršeno (prividno ili golo) pravo. Očigledno, realistički određen pojam prava nije jednoobrazan ni monolitan, već složen, iznijansiran i u cijelosti satkan od slojeva različitih stupnjeva pravnosti. Njima se fino podešava uređivanje odnosa različitog značaja i stupnja konfliktnosti i, što je također važno, na odgovarajući način se pravno reguliraju i ona društvena područja koja bi isključivo bila regulirana državnim ili društvenim normama. Da nije tako, i Deset božjih zapovijedi bi bilo dovoljno za uređivanje svih ljudskih odnosa. Ali, pravo nije nastalo iz dokolice, već iz prijeke ljudske potrebe za očuvanjem društva od samouništenja. Nasuprot realističkom pojmu prava postoji njegov idealistički, idealizirani i idealni pojam. Ali, idealistički pojam prava nije operativan, idealizirani pojam prava nije točan, dok je idealni pojam prava ljudski nedostižan.Le droit est un phénomène particulièrement complexe. Il est très difficile à déterminer avec précision puisqu’une pleine compréhension et la définition ultime du droit sont au-delà des capacités humaines. Également, le droit ne coïncide jamais avec son concept ni le concept de droit ne coïncide avec sa définition. Ce fait montre que les capacités réelles de l’homme de connaître, déterminer et définir le droit sont très limitées et que les limites sont peu fiables. Le concept de droit est en outre relatif ; c’est pourquoi toute définition du droit est relative aussi. Le concept et la définition du droit sont également relatifs parce que nécessairement subjectifs. C’est pourquoi ils ne sont jamais fidèles. Néanmoins, même quand ils ne sont pas fidèles, ils sont utiles. En raison des ces défauts et limites cognitives essentielles, le droit est déterminé et défini réalistement – de façon conventionnelle et opérationnelle – à chaque fois que cela est possible. Une difficulté supplémentaire réside dans le fait qu’il existe un nombre quasiment illimité de concepts et de définitions conventionnels du droit. Heureusement, seulement quelques- unes, considérées comme opérationnelles, sont utilisées dans le droit. Et tout ceci à cause d’une potentielle utilité. Si le droit doit être utile, alors son concept réaliste peut être déterminé en établissant ses caractéristiques communes. S’appuyant sur la disponibilité des caractéristiques communes mentionnées, le concept du droit peut être déterminé opérationnellement dans un sens élargi et un sens étroit. Egalement, il est possible de distinguer trois couches principales dans le concept de droit : complet (parfait), incomplet (imparfait) et inachevé (apparent ou nu). A l’évidence, le concept de droit déterminé de manière réaliste n’est ni unilatéral ni monolithique mais complexe, nuancé et dans l’ensemble tissé de couches à différents degrés de légalité. Elles servent à accorder les rapports de signification et de degré de conflictualité différents et, ce qui est également important, à réguler légalement même les domaines sociaux qui autrement seraient régulés exclusivement par le biais des normes d’État ou sociales. Sinon, même les Dix Commandements suffiraient à réguler tous les rapports humains. Cependant, le droit n’est pas né du loisir, mais d’un besoin terrible de protéger la société de l’auto-destruction. Contrairement au concept réaliste de droit, il existe également son concept idéaliste, idéalisé et idéal. Cependant, le concept idéaliste du droit n’est pas opérationnel, le concept idéalisé n’est pas correct, tandis que le concept idéal du droit est hors de la portée de l’homme.Das Recht stellt ein immens vielfältiges Phänomen dar. Ihn präzise festzulegen entpuppt sich als unsäglich schwierig, denn eine lückenlose Erkenntnis sowie endgültige Definition des Rechts liegt jenseits des menschlichen Vermögens. Zudem geht weder das Recht mit dessen Begriff konform, noch tut es der Begriff des Rechts mit eigener Bestimmung. Dieser Tatbestand lässt durchblicken, die wahre menschliche Befähigung zum Erkennen, Determinieren sowie Definieren des Rechts sei höchst begrenzt, wobei sich ebendiese Schranken als unzuverlässig erzeigen. Die Notion des Rechts ist ebenso relativ, weswegen hiernach sämtliche Begriffsbestimmungen des Rechts relativ sind. Der Begriff einschließlich der Definition des Rechts ist auch aufgrund der ihnen notwendigerweise innewohnenden Subjektivität relativ. Aus diesem Grund sind sie niemals wahrheitsgetreu. Allerdings, auch wenn sie der Wahrheit nicht entsprechen, sind sie stets von Nützlichkeit. Wegen der angebrachten essenziellen erkenntnismäßigen Unzulänglichkeiten und Limitierungen wird das Recht realistisch bestimmt und definiert – in einer konventionellen bzw. operativen Manier – wann immer dies durchführbar ist. Zusätzliche Erschwernisse werden von der Tatsache geschaffen, dass die Zahl der gebräuchlichen Begriffe und Definitionen des Rechts schier unermesslich ist. Glücklicherweise werden lediglich etliche, als operativ angesehene, im Bereich von Recht eingesetzt. Und all dies der denkbaren Nützlichkeit halber. Sollte das Recht nützlich sein, dann lässt sich dessen realistischer Begriff per Gründung seiner gemeinsamen Wesenszüge festsetzen. Auf der Basis der vorhin angeschnittenen, ihm zu Gebote stehenden angehörigen Merkmale, kann der Begriff des Rechts operational determiniert werden, sowohl im erweiterten als auch im engeren Sinne. Ebenfalls ist der Unterschied erkennbar zwischen drei Hauptschichten in dem Begriff des Rechts: vollständiges Recht (vollkommen), unvollständiges Recht (unvollkommen) und unvollendetes Recht (scheinbar oder nackt). Augenscheinlich ist der realistischerweise bestimmte Begriff des Rechts weder einseitig noch monolithisch, stattdessen ist er komplex, detailliert und als Ganzes aus Schichten von ungleichem Rechtlichkeitsgrad zusammengestellt. Man gebraucht sie zur Feinabstimmung der Beziehungsordnung zwischen der unterschiedlichen Wichtigkeit und dem Grad des Konflikts, und, was genauso Gewicht hat, um sogar jene Gesellschaftszonen rechtmäßig zu regeln, die anderenfalls ausschließlich seitens der staatlichen bzw. gesellschaftlichen Normen geregelt würden. Ansonsten würden selbst die Zehn Gebote nicht genügen, um menschliche Verhältnisse in ihrer Gänze zu ordnen. Jedoch ist das Recht nicht als Freizeitaktivität entstanden, sondern im Gegenteil als unentbehrliches menschliches Bedürfnis nach Bewahrung der Menschheit vor Selbstauflösung. Der realistischen Notion des Rechts entgegengesetzt existieren parallel dessen idealistische, idealisierte und ideale Begriffe. Dabei gilt der idealistische Begriff als inoperativ, der idealisierte als inkorrekt, während der ideale Begriff außerhalb der menschlichen Reichweite liegt