A site selection model to identify optimal locations for microalgae biofuel production facilities in sicily (Italy)

The lack of sustainability and negative environmental impacts of using fossil fuel resources for energy production and their consequent increase in prices during last decades have led to an increasing interest in the development of renewable biofuels. Among possible biomass fuel sources, microalgae represent one of the most promising solutions. The present work is based on the implementation of a model that facilitates identification of optimal geographic locations for large-scale open ponds for microalgae cultivation for biofuels production. The combination of a biomass production model with specific site location parameters such as irradiance, geographical constraints, land use, topography, temperatures and CO2 for biofuels plants were identified in Sicily (Italy). A simulation of CO2 saved by using the theoretical biofuel produced in place of traditional fuel was implemented. Results indicate that the territory of Sicily offers a good prospective for these technologies and the results identify ideal locations for locating biomass fuel production facilities. Moreover, the research provides a robust method that can be tailored to the specific requirements and data availability of other territories. © Research India Publications

Numerical and experimental analysis of micro HAWTs designed for wind tunnel applications

In this paper the authors describe a design and optimization process of micro HAWTs using a numerical and experimental approach. An in-house 1D BEM model was used to obtain a first geometrical draft. It allowed to quickly optimize blade geometry to maximize energy production as well. As these models are quite sensitive to airfoil coefficients, above all at low Reynolds numbers, an accurate 3D CFD model was developed to support and validate the 1D BEM design, analyzing and fixing the discrepancies between model output. The 3D CFD model was developed and optimized using ANSYS Fluent solver and a RANS transition turbulence model. This allowed to correctly reproduce the transition and stall phenomena that characterize the aerodynamic behavior of micro wind turbines, solving the issues related to low Reynolds flows. The procedure was completed, thus building two micro HAWTs with different scales, testing them in the subsonic wind tunnel of the University of Catania. Wind tunnel features, experimental set-up and testing procedures are presented in the paper. Through the comparison of numerical CFD and experimental test results, a good compatibility was found. This allowed the authors to analyze and compare numerical calculation results and verify blockage effects on the prototypes as well

Flow similitude laws applied to wind turbines through blade element momentum theory numerical codes

This paper deals with the analysis of the per- formance of different wind turbines using the Similitude Theory. Wind turbine performance was determined as a function of geometrical similarity coefficient, which is related to all parameters of the Similitude Theory. There- fore, a mathematical model simplification is possible in the 'in similitude' wind turbines comparison. The mathemati- cal model for wind turbine performance is based on BEM Theory, and its efficacy was verified several times by comparing different wind turbine experimental data. The original mathematical model was modified to take into account Similitude Theory parameters. The model is able to determine which wind turbine is most suited to particular design specification. This work presents power and torque curves, power and torque coefficients as functions of rotational speed and wind velocity. All the results are function of the geometrical similarity coefficient. With this methodology it is possible to maximize the power coeffi- cients of a wind turbine, and it is possible to identify a family of wind turbines, geometrically different, but with the same high performances

HAWT Design and Performance Evaluation: Improving the BEM Theory Mathematical Models☆

Abstract This paper presents an improved numerical code based on BEM theory, implemented to evaluate the performance of a HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines). This numerical code is a 1-D code characterized by fast processing times and reliable results. The critical aspects of the codes based on the BEM theory are widely known in scientific literature. In this paper, the authors explain how to resolve these aspects. One of these is represented by the radial flow along the blades. Radial flow is a 3-D flow, but can be dealt with inside a 1-D code only using a mathematical expedient. This expedient was tested and validated for the Riso test turbine LM 8.2 (with the NACA 63 x -2xx airfoil series along the blades). Radial flow along the blades is taken into account, thus increasing the experimental C L distribution in the stalled aerodynamic region, based on CFD 3D results. The mathematical equation adopted to describe the C L distribution of the NACA 63 x -2xx airfoil is a fifth order logarithmic polynomial. With this numerical code, the mechanical power curve of the Riso test turbine has been calculated, and then compared with the experimental curve found in scientific literature

Numerical and experimental analysis of micro HAWTs designed for wind tunnel applications

In this paper the authors describe a design and optimization process of micro HAWTs using a numerical and experimental approach. An in-house 1D BEM model was used to obtain a first geometrical draft. It allowed to quickly optimize blade geometry to maximize energy production as well. As these models are quite sensitive to airfoil coefficients, above all at low Reynolds numbers, an accurate 3D CFD model was developed to support and validate the 1D BEM design, analyzing and fixing the discrepancies between model output. The 3D CFD model was developed and optimized using ANSYS Fluent solver and a RANS transition turbulence model. This allowed to correctly reproduce the transition and stall phenomena that characterize the aerodynamic behavior of micro wind turbines, solving the issues related to low Reynolds flows. The procedure was completed, thus building two micro HAWTs with different scales, testing them in the subsonic wind tunnel of the University of Catania. Wind tunnel features, experimental set-up and testing procedures are presented in the paper. Through the comparison of numerical CFD and experimental test results, a good compatibility was found. This allowed the authors to analyze and compare numerical calculation results and verify blockage effects on the prototypes as well

Design of a vertical-axis wind turbine: how the aspect ratio affects the turbine's performance

This work analyses the link between the aspect ratio of a vertical-axis straight-bladed (H-Rotor) wind turbine and its performance (power coefficient). The aspect ratio of this particular wind turbine is defined as the ratio between blade length and rotor radius. Since the aspect ratio variations of a vertical-axis wind turbine cause Reynolds number variations, any changes in the power coefficient can also be studied to derive how aspect ratio variations affect turbine performance. Using a calculation code based on the Multiple Stream Tube Model, symmetrical straight-bladed wind turbine performance was evaluated as aspect ratio varied. This numerical analysis highlighted how turbine performance is strongly influenced by the Reynolds number of the rotor blade. From a geometrical point of view, as aspect ratio falls, the Reynolds number rises which improves wind turbine performance

wind turbine placement optimization by means of the monte carlo simulation method

This paper defines a new procedure for optimising wind farm turbine placement by means of Monte Carlo simulation method. To verify the algorithm's accuracy, an experimental wind farm was tested in a wind tunnel. On the basis of experimental measurements, the error on wind farm power output was less than 4%. The optimization maximises the energy production criterion; wind turbines' ground positions were used as independent variables. Moreover, the mathematical model takes into account annual wind intensities and directions and wind turbine interaction. The optimization of a wind farm on a real site was carried out using measured wind data, dominant wind direction, and intensity data as inputs to run the Monte Carlo simulations. There were 30 turbines in the wind park, each rated at 20 kW. This choice was based on wind farm economics. The site was proportionally divided into 100 square cells, taking into account a minimum windward and crosswind distance between the turbines. The results highlight that the dominant wind intensity factor tends to overestimate the annual energy production by about 8%. Thus, the proposed method leads to a more precise annual energy evaluation and to a more optimal placement of the wind turbines

Dyke Emplacement and Hazard at Stromboli

In February 2007, two effusive vents opened along the flank of Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) depression at Stromboli. The summit craters collapsed, obstructing the central conduit, choking the vents and increasing the deformation within SdF. Here a new vent opened, releasing the excess magmatic pressure. The eruption continued, after a summit explosion, until April. The vents were fed by laterally propagating dykes. Vent location is similar to that of the 2002-2003 eruption, fed by dykes triggering landslides, which in turn produced a tsunami. However, the 2007 eruption did not develop landslides, suggesting that their triggering also depends on other factors, (i.e. magmatic pressure)

Transition turbulence model calibration for wind turbine airfoil characterization through the use of a Micro-Genetic Algorithm

Abstract The aerodynamic characterization of airfoils is of crucial importance for the design and optimization of wind turbines. The present paper tries to provide an engineering methodology for the improvement of the accuracy and reliability of 2D airfoil computational fluid dynamics models, by coupling the ANSYS Fluent solver and a Micro-Genetic Algorithm. The modeling strategy provided includes meshing optimization, solver settings, comparison between different turbulence models and, mainly, the calibration of the local correlation parameters of the transition turbulence model by Menter, which was found to be the most accurate model for the simulation of transitional flows. Specifically, the Micro-Genetic Algorithm works by generating populations of the missing local correlation parameters. In doing so, it is possible to search for the minimization of the error in lift calculations. For each specific Reynolds number, the calibration was carried out only at the Angle of Attack where the lift drop occurs and the airfoil completely stalls. This new idea allowed for a relatively rapid and good calibration as demonstrated by the experimental–numerical comparisons presented in this paper. Only the experimental stall angle and the relative lift coefficient were, therefore, necessary for obtaining a good calibration. The calibration was made using the widely known S809 profile data. The correlation parameters, obtained as so, were subsequently used for testing on the NACA 0018 airfoil with satisfactory results. Therefore, the calibration obtained using the S809 airfoil data appeared to be reliable and may be used for the simulation of other airfoils. This can be done without the need for further wind tunnel experimental data or recalibrations. The proposed methodology will, therefore, be of essential help in obtaining accurate aerodynamic coefficients data. This will drastically improve the capabilities of the 1D design codes at low Reynolds numbers thanks to the possibility of generating accurate databases of 2D airfoil aerodynamic coefficients. The advantages of the proposed calibration will be helpful in the generation of more accurate 3D wind turbine models as well. The final objective of the paper was thus to obtain a fine and reliable calibration of the transition turbulence model by Menter. This was specifically made for an accurate prediction of the aerodynamic coefficients of any airfoil at low Reynolds numbers and for the improvements of 3D rotor models

A New Tool to Optimize ICE Performance and Emissions Via 1D Code Coupled with Gas

Abstract The aim of this paper is to propose a new strategy to optimize the performance and to reduce the emission levels of Internal Combustion Engines by varying intake valve lift profile and timing. The object of the study was an ICE – SI, GDI, 1.4 l, four cylinders, 16 V, turbocharged. It was equipped with an electrohydraulic VVA system which allows the intake valves to vary, at the same time, lift and timing in order to realize early IVC and/or late IVO. Thanks to this, the engine can always operate in the optimal fluid dynamics conditions in order to achieve the best performance and emission levels. A model of the engine was implemented in GT-Power™ for several operating conditions (partial load, full load, low and high engine speed), and then coupled with a single-objective genetic algorithm, evolved subsequently into a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Two different analysis were carried out: the first one for reducing CO2 emissions at partial load and low engine speed (single-objective optimization), and the second one for increasing the brake torque at full load (multi-objective optimization). The proposed model shows the possibility to quickly find optimal solutions for the test cases considered, and it let the opportunity to be further developed and improved in order to optimize many other parameters of the ICE